Higher removal rate of eggs laid by anarchistic queens—a cost of anarchy?

Anarchy, where honeybee workers produce males in the presence of a queen, is extremely rare in natural honeybee populations, suggesting that there are colony-level costs associated with being anarchistic. Yet, no significant costs have yet been identified. A possible reason for this may be that researchers have only focused on the behaviour of anarchistic workers, which have been shown to perform worker-tasks as do wild-type workers. Possibly, therefore, costs associated with anarchy should be sought in anarchistic queens and not workers. A potential cost could be a lower survival rate of eggs laid by anarchistic queens perhaps because their egg-marking signal is not as clear as that of a wild-type queen. In this paper, we determined the removal rate of eggs laid by anarchistic queens in standard worker-policing bioassays. Our results show that eggs laid by anarchistic queens are removed at a higher rate than eggs laid by wild-type queens. This does not seem to be due to differences in hydrocarbons found on the surface of eggs, as both egg types showed the same alkanes and alkenes in similar proportions. We postulate that higher removal rates of queen-laid eggs due to recognition errors may be one reason that anarchy is rare in natural honeybee populations.