中国土地资源退化时空变化分析

在GIS技术的支持下,利用土地利用现状变更调查数据(1991～2003年),在辨析土地资源退化定义和分类基础上,将土地资源退化分为沙漠化、石漠化、次生盐渍化、非农建设用地占用、森林砍伐、天然草地退化和湿地萎缩7大过程.通过全面分析这些退化过程的动态变化和空间分布,揭示出中国土地资源退化的整体态势和时空变化规律.结果表明:①我国土地资源退化总体态势较为严重,尽管部分改善,但总体恶化;土地资源总体退化指数呈增加趋势,其中非农建设用地占用和湿地萎缩过程指数变化最为明显,造成土地资源退化程度最为严重.②土地资源退化集中于天然草地退化和非农建设占用过程,占66.27%,土地资源改善主要是沙漠化治理和森林恢复过程,占57.5%.③土地沙漠化和石漠化过程发生了逆转,面积总计减少了约15 578km2,但我国沙漠化治理过程主要分布在生态脆弱的西北部地区,而东部地区,尤其是江河流域沿线地区,沙漠化土地面积正在不断扩大.④约60%的非农建设用地增加来源于耕地占用,其中70%以上分布在东北、华北和沿海地区等高产粮区,严重威胁到我国的粮食安全.⑤耕地的损失必然造成土地开发复垦压力的增加,随之而来的大量生态用地被开垦为农田,如湿地资源退化面积的50%以上转化为耕地.这些分析和评价结果将为我国制定土地资源退化治理和保护对策提供科学依据.

Spatial-Temporal Dynamic Change of Land Resource Degradation in China

Large scale spatial and temporal land use survey data were used to study the dynamics of land use change in China recently. With the aid of GIS, the spatial-temporal dynamic change of land resource degradation at the national level was investigated using authoritative datasets from detailed land use surveys (early 1990s approximately 2003). As a result, seven major types of land degradation processes were identified, including sandy desertification, rocky desertification, secondary salinification, non-agricultural land occupation, deforestation, natural grassland degradation and wetlands shrinking. This paper comprehensively explored the characteristics of these land degradation processes and revealed the status and trend of the holistic land resource degradation in China. Results shows that: (1) Although land degradation has been controlled in local area, but it is still continuing to spread in the whole country. The total degradation index of the holistic land resource presented fluctuating trend. Indexes of non-agricultural construction occupation and wetland shrinking process are far more than that of other process, which are two primary causes contribution to heading straight towards full-scale land resource deterioration in China. (2) Land resource degradation process of China focused on natural grass land, and non-agricultural construction land, which attained 66.27%; Land resource degradation rehabilitation mainly focused on desertification and forest restoration, which accounts for 57.5%. (3) Sandy desertification and rocky desertification process have been reversing greatly. The total net change of their quantities was decreased by 15,578km2. But most of the rehabilitation of land desertification was concentrated on the originally ecological vulnerable northwestern zone, whereas newly added desertified land has been expanding and aggravating in eastern zone, especially around river watersheds. (4) Over two-thirds of non-agriculture land expansion came from cultivated land. In addition, almost 60 percent of the loss cultivated land occupied by non-agricultural land was appeared in the Northeast, the Eastern coast and Central China where have many high productive agricultural lands of China. This kind of land degradation has threatened food security of China seriously. (5) However, large scale reclamation of ecological land transferred into cultivated land was the most dominant factor of degradation. For example, the conversion of wetland resource to croplands by reclamation accounts for over 50 percent of wetland shrinking.