Ambient air quality of two metropolitan cities of Pakistan and its health implications |
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| Institution: | 1. Veterans Affairs Quality Enhancement Research Initiative for HIV and Hepatitis and Center for the Study of Healthcare Provider Behavior, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Health Services Research and Development Center of Excellence, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA;2. Veterans Affairs Quality Enhancement Research Initiative for Substance Use Disorders and Center for Chronic Disease Outcomes Research, Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Minneapolis, MN;3. Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN;4. Division of General Internal Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA;5. Veterans Affairs Center for the Management of Complex Chronic Conditions and the Quality Enhancement Research Initiative for Spinal Cord Injury, Veterans Affairs Chicago Healthcare System, Chicago, IL;1. Department of Management Science & Humanities, Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences & Technology, Topi, Swabi, KPK, Pakistan;2. Faculty of Management Sciences, Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi, Swabi, KPK, Pakistan;3. University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, Cassino, Italy;4. University of Naples “Parthenope”, Department of Engineering, Napoli, Isola C4, Centro Direzionale Napoli, Italy;1. Key Laboratory for Earth Surface and Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;2. Center for Environmental Engineering Assessment, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang Province 161005, China;3. Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China;4. State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China |
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| Abstract: | The present study reports findings on TSP loading in the ambient air of two major cities in Pakistan – Karachi and Islamabad. Data for TSP were collected at one site in Karachi and two in Islamabad between 10 December 1998 and 08 January 1999. This article reports one of the highest TSP loadings recorded so far in any megacity of the world. During the study period, average daily TSP concentrations at the Karachi site ranged from 627 to 938 μg m−3 with a mean of 668 μg m−3. On four occasions TSP concentrations were >1000 μg m−3 (range 1031–1736 μg m−3). At the Islamabad sampling site in close proximity to the city's industrial sector, daily TSP concentrations varied in the range of 428–998 μg m−3 (mean 691 μg m−3). Even at a relatively remote site of the city (Saidpur), TSP loading was high (range 145–448 μg m−3; mean 275 μg m−3). By virtue of the WHO definition, the 24-h average TSP concentrations in a busy commercial site in Karachi and in the vicinity of an industrial sector in Islamabad were in “exceedance” by a factor of 4–8. At Saidpur, the remote site, the 24-h average TSP loading exceeded the WHO guideline of 120 μg m−3 by a factor of 1.2–3.7. |
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