VOC concentrations measured in personal samples and residential indoor,outdoor and workplace microenvironments in EXPOLIS-Helsinki,Finland |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia, 3, Sesto F.no, Florence, Italy;2. Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (ISAC), CNR, Via P. Gobetti, 101, Bologna, Italy;3. European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection (IHCP), Chemical Assessment and Testing Unit, Via E. Fermi 1, I-21020 Ispra, VA, Italy;1. REC, Regional Environmental Center for Central and Eastern Europe, HQ, Hungary;2. REC Albania, Albania;3. REC Bosnia and Herzegovina;4. REC Serbia, Serbia;5. IDMEC-FEUP, Instituto de Engenharia Mecânica – Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Portugal;6. NIEH, National Institute of Environmental Health, Hungary;7. JRC, Joint Research Centre – Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Commission, Italy;8. IPH-ALB, Institute for Public Health, Albania;9. IPH-BH, Institute of Public Health, Bosnia and Herzegovina;10. IEH, Institute of Environmental Health, Medical University, Austria;11. UBA-A, Planning & Coordination Substances & Analysis, Umweltbundesamt GmbH, Austria;12. VITO, Flemish Institute for Technological Research, Belgium;13. National Centre for Public Health and Analysis, Bulgaria;14. LGH, Larnaca General Hospital, Cyprus;15. CSGL, State General Laboratory, Cyprus;16. NPHI-CZ, National Public Health Institute, Czech Republic;17. HPI, Health Board, Estonia;18. THL, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland;19. Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Pierre Louis Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health (IPLESP UMRS 1136), Epidemiology of Allergic and Respiratory Diseases Department (EPAR), France;20. CSTB, Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment, France;21. UBA, Umweltbundesamt (Federal Environment Agency) – Indoor Hygiene Section, Germany;22. UOWM, University of Western Macedonia, Greece;23. NKUA, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece;24. UMIL, Universitá degli Studio di Milano, Italy;25. USiena, Università degli Studi di Siena, Italy;26. CNR, National Research Council (CNR) – Pisa and Palermo, Italy;27. FSM, Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri, Italy;28. KTU, Kaunas University of Technology, Lithuania;29. University of Malta, Malta;30. IOMEH, Institute of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, Poland;31. UAVR CESAM, University of Aveiro – Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Portugal;32. UBB, Babes-Bolyai University, Romania;33. UU, Uppsala University, Sweden;34. TNO, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research, the Netherlands;35. HVDGM, Public Health Service Gelderland Midden, the Netherlands;36. RIVM, Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu (National Institute for Public Health and the Environment), the Netherlands;37. NILU, Norsk Institutt for Luftforskning (Norwegian Institute for Air Research), Norway;38. PHA-SK, Public Health Authority, Slovakia;39. Institute Vinca, Serbia;40. MC, Dr Dragisa Misovic Medical Centre, Serbia;41. UCL, University College London, UK;42. Hainaut Public Health Institute, Belgium;1. Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Pierre Louis Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health (IPLESP UMRS 1136), Epidemiology of Allergic and Respiratory Diseases Department (EPAR), Saint-Antoine Medical School, F75012 Paris, France;2. Velux A/S, Ådalsvej 99, DK-2970 Hørsholm, Denmark;3. Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Management (INEGI), Porto, Portugal;4. Regional Environmental Center for Central and Eastern Europe (REC), 9-11 Ady Endre ut, Szentendre 2000, Hungary |
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| Abstract: | Thirty target volatile organic compounds (VOC) were analyzed in personal 48-h exposure samples and residential indoor, residential outdoor and workplace indoor microenvironment samples as a component of EXPOLIS-Helsinki, Finland. Geometric mean residential indoor concentrations were higher than geometric mean residential outdoor concentrations for all target compounds except hexane, which was detected in 40% of residential outdoor samples and 11% of residential indoor samples, respectively. Geometric mean residential indoor concentrations were significantly higher than personal exposure concentrations, which in turn were significantly higher than workplace concentrations for compounds that had strong residential indoor sources (d-limonene, alpha pinene, 3-carene, hexanal, 2-methyl-1-propanol and 1-butanol). 40% of participants in EXPOLIS-Helsinki reported personal exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). Participants in Helsinki that were exposed to ETS at any time during the 48-h sampling period had significantly higher personal exposures to benzene, toluene, styrene, m,p-xylene, o-xylene, ethylbenzene and trimethylbenzene. Geometric mean ETS-free workplace concentrations were higher than ETS-free personal exposure concentrations for styrene, hexane and cyclohexane. Geometric mean personal exposures of participants not exposed to ETS were approximately equivalent to time weighted ETS-free indoor and workplace concentrations, except for octanal and compounds associated with traffic, which showed higher geometric mean personal exposure concentrations than any microenvironment (o-xylene, ethylbenzene,benzene, undecane, nonane, decane, m,p-xylene, and trimethylbenzene). Considerable differences in personal exposure concentrations and residential levels of compounds with mainly indoor sources suggested differences in product types or the frequency of product use between Helsinki, Germany and the United States. |
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