Computing surface concentration fluxes of trace gases from a variational method using measured variance and single-level concentration data |
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| Institution: | 1. Skyman Modelling, 233 Treeland Way, Downsview, Ontario, Canada;2. ARQI, Atmospheric Environment Service, Downsview, Ontario, Canada;1. Fraunhofer Institute for Wind Energy and Energy System Technology, Küpkersweg 70, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany;2. Leipzig University of Applied Sciences, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 132, 04277 Leipzig, Germany;1. University of Bonn, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), Crop Science Group, Katzenburgweg 5, 53115 Bonn, Germany;2. U.S. Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, 21881 North Cardon Lane, Maricopa, AZ 85138, USA;3. School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA;4. Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana;1. Kajima Technical Research Institute, Kajima Corporation, 2-19-1 Tobitakyu, Chofu, Tokyo, 182-0036, Japan;2. Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan;3. Earth and Ocean Sciences, National Defense Academy of Japan, 1-10-20 Hashirimizu, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, 239-8686, Japan;1. Institute of Public Safety Research, Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084 PR China;2. Institute for Nuclear and Energy Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, D-76021, Germany;1. Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China;2. CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China;3. Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands;4. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China;5. Biospheric Sciences Laboratory, NASA/GSFC, Greenbelt, MD, USA;6. School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Chang’an University, Xian, China;1. Air Quality Laboratory, Environmental Engineering, Andalas University, Padang, Indonesia;2. School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford M5 4WT, UK |
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| Abstract: | Surface fluxes of O3, CO2 and SO2 were estimated from a variational method by using measured concentrations and variances of these trace gases. The measurements were taken over a deciduous forest when it was fully leafed during the summer of 1988 and when it was leafless during the winter of 1990. A flux–variance relation and a flux–gradient relation were employed as constraints in a cost function which is minimized to find the optimal estimate of concentration fluxes of the gases under study. Fluxes of O3, CO2 and SO2 from the variational method were compared with fluxes estimated by the flux–variance relation and measured using an eddy correlation technique. Results show that the variational method improves the estimates of fluxes. |
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