Sublethal concentrations of azinphos-methyl induce biochemical and morphological alterations in Rhinella arenarum embryos |
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Authors: | Cecilia Inés Lascano Ana Ferrari Andrés Venturino |
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Institution: | 1. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigación y Desarrollo de la Patagonia Norte (IDEPA) , CONICET - Universidad Nacional del Comahue , Neuquén Capital , Argentina;2. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias , Universidad Nacional del Comahue , Cinco Saltos , Argentina lascano.cecilia@gmail.com;4. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas , Universidad Nacional del Comahue , Cipolletti , Argentina;5. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias , Universidad Nacional del Comahue , Cinco Saltos , Argentina |
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Abstract: | Considering that amphibians are good sentinels of environmental conditions, Rhinella arenarum embryos were used to investigate the effects of sublethal concentrations of the organophosphorus insecticide azinphos-methyl, focusing on its anticholinesterasic or pro-oxidant actions and its possible connection with the appearance of morphological alterations. Early amphibian embryos exposed to azinphos-methyl displayed a protective response through glutathione S-transferase induction, along with superoxide dismutase inhibition. At intermediate embryonic stages, embryos exposed to azinphos-methyl displayed superoxide dismutase inhibition and morphological alterations, although cholinesterase activity was not altered, suggesting that molecular targets other than cholinesterase were involved in the development of morphological alterations. At the end of embryonic development, decreases in reduced glutathione and cholinesterase inhibition were observed, along with a significant increase in the number of malformed embryos. The connection between biochemical alterations and the appearance of malformations was not evident in R. arenarum embryos. However, increased glutathione S-transferase and decreased superoxide dismutase activities could be considered as early markers of exposure to azinphos-methyl. The results obtained demonstrate that sublethal concentrations of azinphos-methyl are a serious threat to toad embryos in their natural habitats because biochemical and morphological alterations could impair their ability to deal with environmental stresses. |
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Keywords: | organophosphorus pesticide cholinesterase glutathione S-transferase superoxide dismutase reduced glutathione amphibian |
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