Effects of induced paralysis on hemocytes and tissues of the giant lions-paw scallop by paralyzing shellfish poison |
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Authors: | Norma Estrada Carmen Rodríguez-Jaramillo Gerardo Contreras Felipe Ascencio |
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Institution: | 1. Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, 07300, Mexico City, D.F., Mexico 2. Laboratorio de Histología e Histoquímica, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Mar Bermejo 195, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita, 23096, La Paz, B.C.S., Mexico 3. Unidad de Patología Marina, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Mar Bermejo 195, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita, 23096, La Paz, B.C.S., Mexico
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Abstract: | In general, bivalves are not affected by exposure to toxic dinoflagellates that produce paralyzing shellfish poisons (PSP).
After injection with PSP extracted from the Gymnodinium catenatum, Nodipecten subnodosus is paralyzed, indicating that PSP provokes effects similar to what is observed in vertebrates, including paralysis and metabolic
stress. To investigate the processes involved in poisoning by PSP, lions-paw scallops were injected with gonyautoxin (GTX)
2/3 epimers in the adductor muscle. Mild doses provoked adductor muscle contractions and paralysis, mantle retraction, and
incapacity of shell closure, but scallops gradually recovered in a clear, dose-time recovery pattern. With high doses of GTX
2/3, scallops were permanently paralyzed, and hemocytes in hemolymph were reduced. Surprisingly, under these conditions, scallops
continued normal feeding and did not show any microscopic defect in intestine or gills, but hemocytes infiltrated the adductor
muscle and abnormal vitellogenesis and mantle melanization occurred. Paralysis stress was accompanied by negative scallop
responses, based on visible effects, generation of nitric oxide, lipid peroxidation, and changes in antioxidant and hydrolytic
enzymes in hemocytes and tissues. These data can be used to understand potential side effects of PSP in bivalves. |
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