我国畜禽污染现状与治理政策的有效性分析

针对我国农村畜禽养殖散户和专业户的畜禽粪便处理方式进行实地调查,分析了我国畜禽粪便污染现状及变化趋势,并运用计量经济模型估计了不同治理政策对减少畜禽粪便废弃的有效性.结果表明:随着我国畜禽养殖模式的转变和劳动力成本的提高,畜禽粪便污染呈现明显增长趋势,污染治理的压力进一步增加;散户和专业户的畜禽粪便处理方式存在较大差异.模型估计结果表明:制定垃圾管理规章制度、专人监管垃圾投放、建立沼气池等措施能有效减少散户的畜禽粪便污染,但对于专业户只有专人监督垃圾投放才能发挥作用.随着我国农村畜禽养殖从散养向专业户养殖方式转变,建议政府部门重点加强对养殖专业户畜禽粪便污染的管理,通过出台更严格的环境监管措施和补贴等激励机制减少其畜禽粪便环境污染.

Environmental pollution of livestock and the effectiveness of different management policies in China

Based on household-level data randomly collected in 5 provinces of China, the current status and trend of livestock manure pollution in rural China was examined, and the effectiveness of monitory and regulation policies in reducing environmental pollution caused by livestock manure was analyzed. Results show that with the growth of China’s livestock production and the adjustment of its production system, livestock manure pollution had been increasing; there existed significant differences in the ways of disposing livestock manure between backyard and specialized livestock producers. Results from econometric model regress indicated that regulations of garbage discharge, enforcement of environmental pollution regulations, and the development of biogas could effectively reduce livestock manure pollution, however, only enforcing environmental regulations could significantly reduce livestock manure pollution from the specialized livestock production. Considering that China’s livestock production was under the transition process from backyard to specialized production system, China’s government should pay special attentions to environmental pollution from specialized livestock production and take effective measures to reduce the pollution it may bring, such as put more efforts to enforce environmental regulations and give more economic incentives for reducing livestock manure pollution.