Integrated environmental assessment of biodiesel production from soybean in Brazil |
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| Authors: | Otávio Cavalett Enrique Ortega |
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| Institution: | 1. Universidade Paulista (UNIP), Programa de Pós-graduação em Engenharia de Produção, Brazil;2. Faculta de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Nacional de Trujillo, Peru;1. Crop Science Department, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7620, USA;2. Agronomy Group, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Grogan 49138-15739, Iran;3. International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Greater Hyderabad 502324, Andhra Pradesh, India;1. Fluminense Federal University, Agribusiness Engineering Department, GASA - Grupo de Análise e Sistemas Agroindustriais, Av. dos Trabalhadores, 420 - Vila Santa, Cecília, Volta Redonda, RJ, Brazil;2. Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Volta Redonda, Brazil;3. Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Sao Luis, Brazil;4. Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil;1. Department of Agricultural Machinery Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran;2. Aarhus University, Department of Agroecology, BlichersAllé 20, P.O. Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark;1. Department of Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology, Universidade Católica de Brasília, DF 70790-160, Brazil;2. Embrapa-Agroenergy, Brasilia, DF 70770-901, Brazil |
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| Abstract: | This paper presents the results of an environmental impact assessment of biodiesel production from soybean in Brazil. In order to achieve this objective, environmental impact indicators provided by Emergy Accounting (EA), Embodied Energy Analysis (EEA) and Material Flow Accounting (MFA) were used. The results showed that for one liter of biodiesel 8.8 kg of topsoil are lost in erosion, besides the cost of 0.2 kg of fertilizers, about 5.2 m2 of crop area, 7.33 kg of abiotic materials, 9.0 tons of water and 0.66 kg of air and about 0.86 kg of CO2 were released. About 0.27 kg of crude oil equivalent is required as inputs to produce one liter of biodiesel, which means an energy return of 2.48 J of biodiesel per Joule of fossil fuel invested. The transformity of biodiesel (3.90E + 05 seJ J?1) is higher than those calculated for fossil fuels as other biofuels, indicating a higher demand for direct and indirect environmental support. Similarly, the biodiesel emergy yield ratio (1.62) indicates that a very low net emergy is delivered to consumers, compared to alternatives. Obtained results show that when crop production and industrial conversion to fuel are supported by fossil fuels in the form of chemicals, goods, and process energy, the fraction of fuel that can actually be considered renewable is very low (around 31%). |
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