Fate and effect of linuron and metribuzin on the co-composting of green waste and sewage sludge |
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| Authors: | MS Fountoulakis L Makridis EK Pirounaki C Chroni A Kyriacou K Lasaridi T Manios |
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| Institution: | 1. School of Agricultural Technology, Technological Educational Institute of Crete, Stavromenos, 71004 Heraklion, Crete, Greece;2. Department of Geography, Harokopio University of Athens, Kallithea 17671, Athens, Greece;3. Department of Dietetics and Nutritional Science, Harokopio University of Athens, Kalithea 17671, Athens, Greece;1. School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China;2. Key Laboratory for Solar Energy Photovoltaic of Liaoning Province, Dalian 116024, China;1. Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 4888 Shengbei Street, Changchun 130102, China;2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;1. Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia;2. Advanced Water Technology Center (AQWATEC), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA;1. Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China;2. School of Environment and Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China |
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| Abstract: | The fate and effect of the herbicides linuron and metribuzin on the co-composting of sewage sludge and green waste were addressed in this work. The experiments were conducted in metal cubic containers of 1.0 m3 volume simulating a windrow composting system. A mixture of sludge and green waste was prepared at a ratio of 1:5 v/v. The mixture was split in four equal parts and the two herbicides were added, using a pressure sprayer, as sole or mixed pollutant in each of the three mixtures. The forth mixture was composted without any addition of herbicide, to serve as control. Temperature, physicochemical characteristics, herbicide concentration, carbon dioxide emission, methane emission and microbiological parameters were measured either daily or every time the mixtures were turned, for a period of 80 days. Both herbicides’ concentration decreased significantly resulting in removal efficiencies of 99.1–99.7% and 95.8–96.0% for linuron and metribuzin, respectively. Incubation of microbiologically inactive mixtures at a temperature schedule following the spontaneous temperature evolution in the composters resulted in very little (1–11%) decomposition for both herbicides. Comparison of the variation of physicochemical parameters and microbial populations during composting indicated that both herbicides did not affect the composting process. |
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