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Megacities and Large Urban Agglomerations in the Coastal Zone: Interactions Between Atmosphere, Land, and Marine Ecosystems |
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| Authors: | Roland von Glasow Tim D Jickells Alexander Baklanov Gregory R Carmichael Tom M Church Laura Gallardo Claire Hughes Maria Kanakidou Peter S Liss Laurence Mee Robin Raine Purvaja Ramachandran R Ramesh Kyrre Sundseth Urumu Tsunogai Mitsuo Uematsu Tong Zhu |
| Institution: | 1. School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK 2. Danish Meteorological Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark 3. Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA 4. School of Marine Science and Policy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716-3501, USA 5. Departamento de Geofísica & Centro de Modelamiento Matemático, Universidad de Chile, Blanco Encalada 2002, Piso 4, Santiago, Chile 6. Environment Department, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK 7. Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, P.O. Box 2208, 71003, Heraklion, Greece 8. Scottish Marine Institute, Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS), Oban, Argyll, PA37 1QA, UK 9. The Ryan Institute for Environmental, Marine and Energy Research, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland 10. Institute for Ocean Management, Anna University, Chennai, 600 025, India 11. Center for Ecology and Economics (CEE), NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Instituttveien 18, P.O. Box 100, 2007, Kjeller, Norway 12. Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan 13. Center for International Collaboration, Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8564, Japan 14. State Key Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China |
| Abstract: | Megacities are not only important drivers for socio-economic development but also sources of environmental challenges. Many megacities and large urban agglomerations are located in the coastal zone where land, atmosphere, and ocean meet, posing multiple environmental challenges which we consider here. The atmospheric flow around megacities is complicated by urban heat island effects and topographic flows and sea breezes and influences air pollution and human health. The outflow of polluted air over the ocean perturbs biogeochemical processes. Contaminant inputs can damage downstream coastal zone ecosystem function and resources including fisheries, induce harmful algal blooms and feedback to the atmosphere via marine emissions. The scale of influence of megacities in the coastal zone is hundreds to thousands of kilometers in the atmosphere and tens to hundreds of kilometers in the ocean. We list research needs to further our understanding of coastal megacities with the ultimate aim to improve their environmental management. |
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