煤矿呼吸性粉尘及其综合控制

在生产过程中产生的粉尘中,呼吸性粉尘是尘肺病的引发源,在煤矿防尘工作中必须引起高度重视。我国煤矿尘肺病发病情况十分严重,据不完全统计,至2002年底,我国煤炭行业累计患尘肺病人数达25万以上,该年度因尘肺病死亡人数是因事故死亡人数的两倍。呼吸性粉尘粒径小、悬浮时间长、肉眼不可见,极易被吸入人体的肺部并沉积于肺泡区内,随着沉积量的增加,可引发尘肺病。尘肺病目前尚无法根治,但完全可以预防。其有效的预防措施就是对粉尘施行综合控制,从抑制尘源、降低浮尘、排除余尘到个体防护等一系列技术措施,最大限度地减低作业人员的接尘量,同时进行医学预防,防止尘肺病的发生和发展。建立工程性防御与医学性预防相结合,防止煤尘爆炸与预防尘肺病一体化的管理机制。

Comprehensive Control of Respirable Dust in Coal Mines

Among the various dusts generated in the process of production, silica-containing respirable dust is pathogen of coal workers pneumoconiosis; therefore, dust control must be highly emphasized in coal mining. Pneumoconiosis cases have been ever increasing in China. According to the conservative statistics, the cumulated number of CWP had reached more than 250,000 by the end of 2002, the death cases were twice the number of death from accidents that year. Respirable dust has the distinctive features of tiny in particulate diameter, long-suspending and invisible to naked eyes. It is easy to be deposited in pulmonary alveoli causing CWP. Pneumoconiosis is not curable, but preventable. The effective way to control the dust is to take comprehensive measures, such as suppressing the dust sources, exhausting suspending dust, installing ventilation system and taking personal protective devices. Meanwhile, medical surveillance must be conducted simultaneously with the technical dust control measures. Technical measures must also be taken to prevent coal dust and gas outburst and explosion.