中国水排污许可证制度的定位及改革建议

从点源控制的基本目标出发,按照命令控制型政策的特点和要求,对排污许可证制度重新进行了定位；采用环境政策分析的一般方法,借鉴美国和中国台湾地区的相关经验,分析了我国排污许可证制度存在的问题.研究指出,排污许可证制度是点源排放控制的最基本、最核心的手段,同时也是其他政策手段的“载体”；我国现有的水污染排放许可证制度尚不符合命令控制型政策的要求；存在相关政策间缺乏协调、政府和企业环境管理能力不足、缺乏专业人才等问题,因此,无法保障点源的连续达标排放.需要尽快改革我国的水污染物排放许可证制度,尽快出台实施该制度的专门条例、建立排污许可证制度的分级管理体制、制订实施技术规范、进行基于排污许可证制度的政策整合、培养管理相关人才及建立排污许可证制度的评估、更新和完善机制.

Proposal for Reform and Role of Wastewater Discharge Permit System in China

According to the primary objective of point source pollution control and the requirements of command-and-control policy,reforms to the wastewater discharge permit system in China are proposed.Experiences from the United States and China’s Taiwan are used as references during the analysis.The results show that the water discharge permit is the most basic means for point source pollution control,and it is the foundation of other policies or measures.The current Chinese wastewater discharge permit system does not meet the principles of command-and-control policy.Because the relevant policies are not coordinated,the management abilities of government and enterprises are not strong enough,and the professional capacity is not sufficient.Therefore,it is very difficult to guarantee that the discharge can continuously meet the standards.It is proposed that the Chinese wastewater discharge permit system be reformed as soon as possible.Specific regulations for wastewater discharge permit system should be issued,a multilevel management system should be established,specific technical guidelines should be formulated,integrated policies based on the permit system should be promoted and the capacity for implementation,enforcement,evaluation and self-improvement should be built.