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The scope and severity of white-nose syndrome on hibernating bats in North America
Authors:Tina L. Cheng  Jonathan D. Reichard  Jeremy T. H. Coleman  Theodore J. Weller  Wayne E. Thogmartin  Brian E. Reichert  Alyssa B. Bennett  Hugh G. Broders  Joshua Campbell  Katherine Etchison  Daniel J. Feller  Richard Geboy  Traci Hemberger  Carl Herzog  Alan C. Hicks  Sandra Houghton  Jessica Humber  Joseph A. Kath  R. Andrew King  Susan C. Loeb  Ariane Massé  Katrina M. Morris  Holly Niederriter  Gerda Nordquist  Roger W. Perry  Richard J. Reynolds  D. Blake Sasse  Michael R. Scafini  Richard C. Stark  Craig W. Stihler  Steven C. Thomas  Gregory G. Turner  Shevenell Webb  Bradford J. Westrich  Winifred F. Frick
Affiliation:1. Bat Conservation International, 500 North Capital of Texas Highway, Building 1, Austin, TX, 78746 U.S.A.;2. Ecological Services, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 300 Westgate Center Drive, Hadley, MA, 01035 U.S.A.;3. Pacific Southwest Research Station, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1700 Bayview Drive, Arcata, CA, 95521 U.S.A.;4. Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center, U.S. Geological Survey, 2630 Fanta Reed Road, La Crosse, WI, 54601 U.S.A.;5. Fort Collins Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, 2150 Centre Avenue, Fort Collins, CO, 80526 U.S.A.;6. Vermont Department of Fish and Wildlife, 111 West St., Essex Junction, VT, 05452 U.S.A.;7. Saint Mary's University, 923 Robie St., Halifax, NS, B3H 3C3 Canada;8. Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency, 5107 Edmonson Pike, Nashville, TN, 37211 U.S.A.;9. Mississippi Department of Wildlife, 1505 Eastover Dr., Jackson, MS, 39211 U.S.A.;10. Maryland Department of Natural Resources, 580 Taylor Ave., Frostburg, MD, 21401 U.S.A.;11. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 520 S. Walker St., Bloomington, IN, 47403 U.S.A.;12. Kentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources, 1 Sportsman's Ln., Frankfort, KY, 40601 U.S.A.;13. New York Department of Environmental Conservation, 625 Broadway, Albany, NY, 12233 U.S.A.;14. New Hampshire Fish and Game, 11 Hazen Dr., Concord, NH, 03301 U.S.A.;15. NL Wildlife Division, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, 192 Wheeler's Rd., P.O. Box 2006, Corner Brook, NL, A2H 0J1 Canada;16. Illinois Department of Natural Resources, 1 Natural Resources Way, Springfield, IL, 62702 U.S.A.;17. Southern Research Station, U.S. Forest Service, Clemson University, 233 Lehotsky Hall, Clemson, SC, 29634 U.S.A.;18. Ministère des Forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs, 880 ch. Sainte-Foy, Québec, QC, G1S 4X4 Canada;19. Wildlife Conservation Section, Georgia Department of Natural Resources, 2065 US Hwy 278 SE, Social Circle, GA, 30025 U.S.A.;20. Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control, Richardson and Robbins Bldg., 89 Kings Hwy SW, Dover, DE, 19901 U.S.A.;21. Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, 500 Lafayette Rd., Saint Paul, MN, 55155 U.S.A.;22. U.S. Forest Service, 100 Reserve St., Hot Springs, AR, 71901 U.S.A.;23. Virginia Department of Wildlife Resources, 7870 Villa Park Dr. #400, Richmond, VA, 23228 U.S.A.;24. Arkansas Game and Fish Commission, 2 Natural Resources Dr., Little Rock, AR, 72205 U.S.A.;25. Pennsylvania Game Commission, 2001 Elmerton Ave., Harrisburg, PA, 17110 U.S.A.;26. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 9014 E. 21st St., Tulsa, OK, 74129 U.S.A.;27. West Virginia Division of Natural Resources, P.O. Box 67, Elkins, WV, 26241 U.S.A.;28. National Park Service, Cumberland Piedmont Inventory and Monitoring Network, Mammoth Cave National Park, P.O. Box 8, Mammoth Cave, KY, 42259 U.S.A.;29. Maine Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife, 284 State St., Augusta, ME, 04330 U.S.A.;30. Indiana Department of Natural Resources, 402 W. Washington St., Indianapolis, IN, 46204 U.S.A.
Abstract:Assessing the scope and severity of threats is necessary for evaluating impacts on populations to inform conservation planning. Quantitative threat assessment often requires monitoring programs that provide reliable data over relevant spatial and temporal scales, yet such programs can be difficult to justify until there is an apparent stressor. Leveraging efforts of wildlife management agencies to record winter counts of hibernating bats, we collated data for 5 species from over 200 sites across 27 U.S. states and 2 Canadian provinces from 1995 to 2018 to determine the impact of white-nose syndrome (WNS), a deadly disease of hibernating bats. We estimated declines of winter counts of bat colonies at sites where the invasive fungus that causes WNS (Pseudogymnoascus destructans) had been detected to assess the threat impact of WNS. Three species undergoing species status assessment by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Myotis septentrionalis, Myotis lucifugus, and Perimyotis subflavus) declined by more than 90%, which warrants classifying the severity of the WNS threat as extreme based on criteria used by NatureServe. The scope of the WNS threat as defined by NatureServe criteria was large (36% of Myotis lucifugus range) to pervasive (79% of Myotis septentrionalis range) for these species. Declines for 2 other species (Myotis sodalis and Eptesicus fuscus) were less severe but still qualified as moderate to serious based on NatureServe criteria. Data-sharing across jurisdictions provided a comprehensive evaluation of scope and severity of the threat of WNS and indicated regional differences that can inform response efforts at international, national, and state or provincial jurisdictions. We assessed the threat impact of an emerging infectious disease by uniting monitoring efforts across jurisdictional boundaries and demonstrated the importance of coordinated monitoring programs, such as the North American Bat Monitoring Program (NABat), for data-driven conservation assessments and planning.
Keywords:conservation  data sharing  disease  Endangered Species Act  monitoring  North American Bat Monitoring Program  NatureServe  conservación  enfermedad  intercambio de datos  Ley de Especies en Peligro de Extinción  monitoreo  NatureServe  Programa de Monitoreo de Murciélagos Norteamericanos
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