科学大数据开放共享机制研究及其对环境信息共享的启示

科学大数据得以充分利用和增值的前提是开放共享,而影响数据开放共享的关键问题是共享机制.本文首先分析了科学大数据的产生方式、数据类型、投资方式、管理主体和服务定位及其与共享程度的关系.进一步在分析国内外自上而下和自下而上科学数据共享通用机制与原则的基础上,结合国家地球系统科学数据共享平台、全球变化科学数据出版等实践,提出了数据汇交、数据出版、数据联盟和服务激励四种数据共享机制,并分析了每种机制中的关键问题及具体做法.最后,结合云计算、"互联网+"等新一代信息技术和思维,对环境保护大数据共享机制提出四点建议,即:国家统一投资建设的环境保护核心业务数据强制汇交机制,其他部委、机构环境保护相关数据联盟交换机制,企业、科学家个人数据出版等激励机制,以及社会公众数据的"众创机制".

Scientific Big Data Sharing Mechanisms Research and Suggestions for Environmental Information Sharing

The foundation and precondition of full using scientifi c big data and excavating their values is to open and share these data. Among impact factors of data sharing, the sharing mechanism is the most important. In this paper, fi rstly scientifi c big data characteristics were analyzed. Several factors of scientifi c big data including data''s generation mode, type, way of investment, governor and functional orientation will profoundly infl uence their open and sharing. Generally, scientifi c data sharing mechanisms are made by top-down or bottom-up approaches. The basic ideal of data sharing mechanism is to open and share data at maximum extentand meanwhile to protect reasonably interests of data contributors. After that based on the experiences of National Data Sharing Infrastructure for Earth System Science and Global Change Research Data Publication etc., authors put forward four data sharing mechanisms, i.e. data submission, data publication, data alliance, and service excitation, for respectively public and private data. Finally, considering the latest IT and their ideas, like Could Computing and Internet plus, some sharing mechanism suggestions were proposed for environmental protection (EP) big data that are mandatory submission mechanism for EP core data funded by public fi nance, federal exchange mechanism for trans-ministries''EP related data, and incentive mechanism, like data publication, for enterprise and scientist individual data as well as crowd innovation mechanism for the public data.