微塑料的形成机制及其环境分布特征研究进展

塑料制品的广泛应用使塑料废弃物对生态环境的危害日益显著，也是全球环境问题关注的热点，由于缺乏完善的塑料废弃物管理体系，大部分塑料废弃物仍按传统模式处理或滞留在环境中，回收利用效率低，尚未形成塑料生命周期循环.环境中的塑料在长期受到物理、化学和生物等多种因素作用后会发生老化降解，形成微(纳)米塑料；由于它们粒径小、比表面积大且带有电荷等特性，除本身具有毒性外，还能作为重金属、持久性有机污染物等其他污染物的载体或被载体，经径流、污水排放和水文气象等多种途径在环境中迁移，造成生态环境污染.微塑料(MPs)分布范围广，全球的水体(淡水、海洋)、土壤和大气环境中均存在不同程度的MPs污染，近些年甚至在人体胎盘、母乳、活人肺部和血液中也发现了MPs的踪迹.因此对国内外MPs在物理、化学和微生物作用下的形成机制及其在水体、土壤和大气环境中的丰度水平、迁移特征进行全面地综述，为监测环境中MPs的污染水平、探究其在环境中的运移规律、提出MPs污染环境治理策略和揭示MPs在不同作用下的降解机制提供资料参考.

Research Progress on Distribution Characteristics and Formation Mechanisms of Microplastics in the Environment

The extensive application of plastic products leads to the increasingly significant harm of plastic wastes to the ecological environment, which is also a focus of global environmental issues. Due to the lack of a sound plastic waste management system, most plastic waste is still treated by the traditional mode or remains in the environment, with low recycling efficiency, and the plastic life cycle has not yet formed. Plastics in the environment will age and degrade under the actions of physical (wear, waves), chemical (ultraviolet radiation, hydrolysis), and biological (fungi, bacteria) factors for a long time and generate micro (nano) plastics. Due to their small particle size, large specific surface area, and charged characteristics, in addition to their own toxicity, they can also be used as carriers or covert carriers of pollutants (heavy metals, persistent organic pollutants, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, bacteria, etc.) to migrate in the environment through runoff, sewage discharge, and hydrometeorology, causing ecological environmental pollution. MPs pollution has been listed as the second largest scientific problem in the field of environmental and ecological science by the United Nations Environment Programme. MPs are widely distributed, and there are different degrees of MPs pollution in the global water (freshwater, ocean), soil, and atmospheric environment. Traces of MPs have also been found in human placentas, human breastmilk, living lungs, and blood in recent years. Therefore, the formation mechanisms of MPs under the actions of physics, chemistry, and microorganisms, as well as their abundance levels and migration characteristics in water, soil, and atmosphere environment were comprehensively reviewed, with the hope of providing reference for monitoring the pollution levels of MPs in the environment, exploring their transport laws in the environment, proposing the management strategy of MPs pollution, and revealing the degradation mechanisms of MPs under different effects.