城市产业集中区环境性能评估体系的构建——基于北京市丰台区案例的探讨

城市产业集中区在推动城市产业发展和人口就业中发挥着重要作用,但其在发展过程中,对周边人口和环境带来的负面影响也越来越突出。鉴于现有研究对城市内部空间的环境效率研究不足,论文从环境性能的概念入手,结合产业集中区环境的复杂性、综合性特征,提出了包括社会经济贡献、环境负荷与环境风险3个维度的环境性能评估指标体系,并对污染源识别、空间单元选择等科学问题进行了探索。以北京市丰台区污染源普查数据、注册企业数据及风险源数据为数据基础,采取空间分析方法,定量评价其环境性能空间差异性。主要研究结果包括：提出了选取城市产业集中区环境性能评估空间单元的原则,并将丰台区划分为1 379个500 m×500 m格网单元,论证了环境性能评估的空间尺度效应,表明在更加精细的格网尺度上有利于探查局部空间分异格局;基于北京市丰台区案例,发现环境负荷高的地区主要集中在太平桥、方庄、西罗园、马家堡等东北部街道;环境性能低值区具有明显的中心城区指向、沿快速环路分布和批发市场指向等特征;根据评估结果建议从产业布局、定点管理、生态空间设置以及人口调控等方面为实施精细化的环境空间管控提供依据。

Theory and Method for Assessing the Environmental Efficiency of Urban Industrial Concentration Areas: A Case Study of Fengtai District,Beijing

Urban industrial concentration areas (ICAs) are playing important roles in urban economy and employment. However, the aggregation of pollution discharge in the process of industrial production brings extensive effects on human health and eco-system function in ICAs. In this paper, an evaluation tool is proposed to evaluate the environmental efficiency (EE) of ICAs, which integrates the complex function and environmental impact of ICAs from three aspects: socio-economic contribution, environmental load and environmental risk. The structure of EE assessment, selection of indices, criteria of pollutant and risk industries, and scale effect issue are discussed. The urban environmental statistic data and the polluting resources census data are used. Based on the theoretical discussion on EE assessment in ICAs, an empirical study is conducted in Fengtai District, Beijing. The study area is divided into 1 379 grids of 500 m × 500 m, which has been demonstrated to be appropriate spatial unit for Fengtai District. The EE level of each unit is evaluated. As a result, there are plenty of extreme value points existing, which means the grid of 500 m × 500 m not only makes accurate evaluation result but also helps grasp the environmental problems in the region. It turns out that subdistricts of Taipingqiao, Fangzhuang, Xiluoyuan and Majiabao are undertaking the highest burden of environmental load and the low EE level grids tend to aggregate in central urban areas, along urban express ring roads and around wholesale markets. These findings provide solid scientific basis for making plans of spatial adjustment, environmental management and population regulation.