中国地表权、地下权概念、应用模式及相关问题分析

文章通过对地表权、地下权相关法律概念的梳理,指出地表权、地下权概念界定的复杂性,借鉴《商业词典》对地表权和地下权的定义,探讨了在中国矿产资源一元所有制及土地二元所有制并存的情形下,地表权与地下权的应用模式、相关产权界定及存在的问题。文章分三种情形对二者的应用模式进行了探讨,指出:地表权与地下权相分离的模式是符合中国国情的一种合理选择,但是在具体实践中却存在农村集体作为土地拥有者的地位没有得到应有的尊重、矿业权主体行政审批问题严重、矿产资源的国家所有权权益没有得到应有的体现、矿产资源开发中的环境产权界定不清晰等问题;在探讨中指出两个启迪性的思路:一是使农村集体参与矿产资源开发收益分成模式;二是在现有的征地制度下,理顺价格机制,建立有效的土地流转市场,在土地使用权转让中,给予土地所有者以价格补偿。文章进一步对矿产资源开发中的土地所有权界定、税费问题、土地价格补偿及环境产权分配给予相应的分析并给出建议。

Concepts and Application Patterns of Surface and Underground Rights and Their Related Analysis

Based on the investigation into some legal concepts related to surface and underground rights,this paper presents the definition complexity of those concepts,makes use of the definitions of those concepts with Commercial Dictionary,and discusses the application patterns of surface and underground rights,the related definition of ownership and the existed problems when unitary ownership of mineral resources and dualistic ownership of land coexist in China.The application patterns mentioned above are investigated in three cases,and it is concluded that the separation pattern of surface and underground rights complies with the national conditions of China,but there are some problems in the implementation process,such as less respects towards the statue of land ownership by community in rural areas,serious problems existing in administrative approval process of the main body for mining rights,and less regards to the national ownership of mineral resources as well as no clear definition about environmental property in the mining process of mineral resources.Two ideas are put forward in the discussion: the first is the revenue-sharing model regarding the rural collective participation in the mining process of mineral resources;the second is about the rationalization of the price mechanism,establishment of effective land transfer market,and the price compensation made to the land owners in the land transfer process.In the end,this paper conducts some corresponding analysis and gives some advices for the definition of land ownership in the mining process of mineral resources,problems about expense of taxation,price compensation of land transfer and allocation of environmental properties.