Oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) at an urban background site in Zürich (Europe): Seasonal variation and source allocation

Twenty-one oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) were measured in four seasonal campaigns at an urban background site in Zürich (Switzerland) with a newly developed double adsorbent sampling unit coupled to a gas chromatograph–mass spectrometer (GC–MS). In addition, selected non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) were measured, as well as formaldehyde in the summer and winter campaign. The most abundant compound measured in all seasons was ethanol, with peak values of more than 60 ppb. Its seasonal variation with a lower mean value in summer compared to that in winter implied mostly anthropogenic sources. In contrast, compounds with additional biogenic sources, or compounds known to be produced in the troposphere by oxidation processes, had seasonal maxima in summer (e.g. methanol, acetone, formaldehyde, methacrolein and 2-butenone (methyl vinyl ketone, MVK)).For the OVOCs it was estimated that local sources contributed 40% and 49% to the mixing ratios of the measured compounds in summer and in winter, respectively. Combustion was estimated to contribute 75% to these local sources independent of the season. About 50% of both the OVOC and NMHC levels in Zürich could be explained by the regional background, which included regional biogenic and anthropogenic sources in addition to secondary production. Industrial sources were identified for acetone, butanone (methyl ethyl ketone, MEK), n-propanol, iso-propanol, n-butanol, ethyl acetate and butyl acetate.