Development and application of a three-dimensional aerosol chemical transport model,PMCAMx |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA;2. Department of Engineering and Public Policy, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA;3. ENVIRON, 101 Rowland Way, Novato, CA 94945, USA;4. Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, 26500 Patra, Greece;1. Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, Greece;2. Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE-HT), FORTH, Patras, Greece;3. Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA;1. Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051 Basel, Switzerland;2. University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001 Basel, Switzerland;3. MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus, Norfolk Place, W2 1PG London, United Kingdom;4. Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, 6310 Coburg Rd., Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 4R2;5. Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA;6. John R. Kiely Professor of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Wilcox 268, Seattle, WA 98195, USA;7. Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service, Via Cristoforo Colombo, 112-00147 Rome, Italy;8. Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Doctor Aiguader 88, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain;9. CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5 Pabellón 11. Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain;10. Department of Environmental Sciences, Vytauto Didziojo Universitetas, K. Donelaicio 58, Kaunas 44248, Lithuania;11. Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Umea University, SE-901 87 Umea, Sweden;12. Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Citta’ della Salute e della Scienza University Hospital and Centre for Cancer Prevention, Corso Bramante, 88, 10126 Turin, Italy;13. Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, University Hospital, Munich Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Ziemssenstr. 1, d-80336 Munich, Germany;14. Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Epidemiology I, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, d-85764 Neuherberg, Germany;p. Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University of Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;q. INSERM, U1168, VIMA: Aging and Chronic Diseases, Epidemiological and Public Health Approaches, 16, Avenue Paul Vaillant Couturier, 94807 Villejuif, France;r. Université Versailles St-Quentin-en-Yvelines, UMR-S 1168, 2 Avenue de la Source de la Bièvre, 78180 Montigny le Bretonneux, France;s. Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Plaça de la Mercè, 10-12, 08002 Barcelona, Spain;t. Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, 75, Mikras Asias Street, 115 27 Athens, Greece;u. Department of Primary Care & Public Health Sciences and Environmental Research Group, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK;v. Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 13, Solna, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden;w. Geography, School of Environment, Education and Development, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 3PL, UK;x. Inserm and Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, IAB (U1209), Team of Environmental Epidemiology, 38000 Grenoble, France;y. National Institute for industrial Environment and Risks (INERIS), Parc Technologique ALATA, 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France;z. Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK;11. IMIM (Hospital del Mar Research Institute), Dr. Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain;12. Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 4404, Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway;13. Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;14. Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, P.O. Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark;15. Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, d-85764 Neuherberg, Germany;16. ECMWF, Shinfield Park, Reading RG2 9AX, United Kingdom;17. National Public Health Center, Albert Flórián út 2-6, H-1097 Budapest, Hungary;18. French Institut for Public Health, 12, rue du Val d′Osne, 94415 Saint-Maurice, France;19. Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory (ECPL), Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece;110. Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Box 357234, Seattle, WA 98195, USA;111. National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Department of Health Protection, Living Environment and Health Unit, P.O. Box 95, FI-70701 Kuopio, Finland;112. Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Helmholtzstr. 22, 89081 Ulm, Germany;113. Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands;114. Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands;1. CESAM, Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;2. VITO, Flemish Institute for Technological Research, B-2400, Mol, Belgium;3. Brussels Environment, B-3000, Brussels, Belgium;4. Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy;5. TerrAria s.r.l., Milan, Italy;1. VITO, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium;2. European Commission, JRC, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Air and Climate Unit, Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, VA, Italy;3. CNRS, Laboratoire Image Ville Environnement (UMR7362, Université de Strasbourg), 3, rue de l''Argonne, 67000 Strasbourg, France;4. Research Centre of Environmental Health and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 808 route de Lennik, 1070 Brussels, Belgium;5. Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Nowowiejska 20, 00-653 Warsaw, Poland;6. Systems Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Newelska 6, 01-447 Warsaw, Poland;7. Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Mechelininkatu 34a, 00251 Helsinki, Finland;8. CIEMAT, Institute for Environment, Avenida Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain;9. Department of Environment and Planning, CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;10. DIMI, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy;1. Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH), Patras, Greece;2. Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies e.V., Potsdam, Germany;3. Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research TNO, Utrecht, The Netherlands;4. Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, Mytilene, Greece;5. Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA;1. School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States;2. Climate and Radiation Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, United States;3. Department of Physics, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, United States;4. Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States |
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| Abstract: | A three-dimensional chemical transport model (PMCAMx) is used to simulate PM mass and composition in the eastern United States for a July 2001 pollution episode. The performance of the model in this region is evaluated, taking advantage of the highly time and size-resolved PM and gas-phase data collected during the Pittsburgh Air Quality Study (PAQS). PMCAMx uses the framework of CAMx and detailed aerosol modules to simulate inorganic aerosol growth, aqueous-phase chemistry, secondary organic aerosol formation, nucleation, and coagulation. The model predictions are compared to hourly measurements of PM2.5 mass and composition at Pittsburgh, as well as to measurements from the AIRS and IMPROVE networks. The performance of the model for the major PM2.5 components (sulfate, ammonium, and organic carbon) is encouraging (fractional errors are in general smaller than 50%). Additional improvements are possible if the rainfall measurements are used instead of the meteorological model predictions. The modest errors in ammonium predictions and the lack of bias for the total (gas and particulate) ammonium suggest that the improved ammonia inventory used is reasonable. The significant errors in aerosol nitrate predictions are mainly due to difficulties in simulating the nighttime formation of nitric acid. The concentrations of elemental carbon (EC) in the urban areas are significantly overpredicted. This is a problem related to both the emission inventory but also the different EC measurement methods that have been used in the two measurement networks (AIRS and IMPROVE) and the actual development of the inventory. While the ability of the model to reproduce OC levels is encouraging, additional work is necessary to confirm that that this is due to the right reasons and not offsetting errors in the primary emissions and the secondary formation. The model performance against the semi-continuous measurements in Pittsburgh appears to be quite similar to its performance against daily average measurements in a wide range of stations across the Eastern US. This suggests that the skill of the model to reproduce the diurnal variability of PM2.5 and its major components is as good as its ability to reproduce the daily average values and also the significant value of high temporal resolution measurements for model evaluation. |
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