Mineral dust is a sink for chlorine in the marine boundary layer |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0314, USA;2. Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;3. Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;4. Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0314, USA;1. Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (Branch), Prof Ramnath Vij Marg, New Delhi, India;2. Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, India;3. Department of Geophysics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India;1. Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China;2. School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK;3. School of Environment Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China;4. Faculty of Environmental and Symbiotic Sciences, Prefectural University of Kumamoto, Kumamoto 862-8502, Japan;5. State Key of Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China;6. Anhui Institute of Meteorological Sciences, Anhui Institute of Meteorological Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China;7. Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Jiangsu, 210044, China;1. Irish Separation Science Cluster, Department of Chemistry, University College Cork, College Road, Cork, Ireland;2. PepsiCo, Technical Function - R&D, Little Island, Cork, Ireland;1. Geological Survey of Israel, 30 Malkhei Israel St., Jerusalem, 95501, Israel;2. Department of Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel;3. Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 84990, Israel;4. Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, 02-089, Warsaw, Poland |
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| Abstract: | Dust particles affect the budgets of important traces gases by providing a surface on which heterogeneous reactions can occur. The uptake of soluble species on dust alters the physical, chemical, and optical properties and the overall ability of dust to act as cloud condensation and ice nuclei. It is commonly assumed that all measured chloride in particulate filter samples is associated with sea-salt particles and any chloride in dust occurs as the result of internal mixtures of sea-salt and dust particles, formed by cloud processing. Here we show high temporal resolution data demonstrating the direct uptake of chlorine by dust via heterogeneous reaction with HCl(g). This reaction added significant amounts of chlorine to the dust particles during a major dust storm, representing 4–9% of the individual dust particle mass. Up to 65±4% of the dust particles contained chlorine due to this heterogeneous reaction during the dust front. Ignoring this process leads to an overestimation of sea-salt concentrations from bulk measurements, and an underestimation of the degree of sea-salt aging. The uptake of chloride will change the pH and hygroscopic properties of the dust and thus can influence the budgets of other reactive gases. Including this heterogeneous process in atmospheric measurements and chemical transport models will improve our ability to predict the atmosphere's composition and radiation budget with greater accuracy. |
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