The chemistry of gaseous acids in medieval churches in Cyprus |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, I-60131, Ancona, AN, Italy;2. Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité (INRS), Laboratory of Aerosol Metrology, Rue du Morvan, CS 60027, 54519, Vandoeuvre Cedex, France;1. Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Toxicological Chemistry Unit, Viale Regina Elena 299, I-00161 Rome, Italy;2. Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, Via Bologna 148, I-10154 Turin, Italy;3. Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche, Via Cupa di Posatora 3, I-60100 Ancona, Italy;4. Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Via Vienna 2, I-79100 Sassari, Italy;5. Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana, Via Appia Nuova 1411, I-00178 Rome, Italy;6. Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e Basilicata, Via Manfredonia 20, I-71121 Foggia, Italy;7. Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D’Aosta, Piazza Borgo Pila 39, I-16129 Genoa, Italy;1. Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, P.O.B. 6, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel;2. Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, P.O.B. 6, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel;1. United States Naval Academy, Chemistry Department, Annapolis, MD, 21401, USA;2. University of Maine, Forest Bioproducts Research Institute, Orono, ME, 04469, USA;3. University of Rhode Island, Graduate School of Oceanography, Narragansett, RI, 02882, USA |
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| Abstract: | Indoor and outdoor concentrations of HCl, HNO3, HCOOH and CH3COOH were determined in two medieval churches in Cyprus, during July 2003 and March 2004. The high air exchange rate through the open windows and doors led to lower indoor, compared to outdoor, acid concentrations in July 2003. Indoor pollutant emissions and a low air exchange rate resulted in higher indoor compared to outdoors acid concentrations in both churches during March 2004. Indoor to outdoor inorganic acid ratios were higher than the corresponding indoor to outdoor organic acid ratios during July 2003, whilst the opposite trend was observed during March 2004. Direct acid emission from candle burning appears to play a major role in the observed indoor acid concentrations. Emissions of volatile organic compounds from other sources, like humans, cleaning products and incense, led also to formation or depletion of the gaseous acids via homogeneous photochemical, heterogeneous and dark reaction sequences. Chemical reaction pathways were extensively investigated and appear to explain the observed results. The apparent indoor acid deposition velocities ranged between 0.05 and 0.15 cm s?1. |
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