Current and future emissions of selected heavy metals to the atmosphere from anthropogenic sources in Europe |
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| Institution: | 1. Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China;2. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China;3. Qingdao Environmental Monitoring Central Station, Qingdao 266003, China;4. Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China;1. Environmental Health Risk Assessment Group, Institute for Ecology of Industrial Areas, Katowice, Poland;2. Environmental Technology, Biotechnology and Geochemistry Group, University of Oviedo, Mieres, Asturias, Spain;1. Ethology Group, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium;2. Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway;3. Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Postboks 5685 Sluppen, 7485 Trondheim, Norway;4. MARE Centre, Oceanology, University of Liège, Allée de la Chimie 3, 4000 Liège, Belgium;5. Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium |
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| Abstract: | Current atmospheric emissions of As, Cd, Cr, Ni, and Pb (reference year 2000) from major anthropogenic sources in Europe are presented in this paper. Combustion of fuels in stationary sources was the main emission source for As, Cd, Cr, and Ni (more than a half of the total anthropogenic emissions), while combustion of gasoline was the main source of for lead. There is a continuous reduction of heavy metal emissions in Europe during the last 40 years. Better knowledge of heavy metal sources, emissions, pathways, and fate in the environment, and progress in developing efficient emission control equipment has resulted in more efficient regulatory efforts to curb heavy metal emissions from anthropogenic sources very substantially. There is a potential for further reduction of these emissions until the year 2010 up to about 40% for As, Cd, Cr, and Ni and about 57% for Pb, as estimated within various emission scenarios presented in the paper. |
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