The status of beaches and shoreline development options on the French Riviera: a perspective and a prognosis |
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Authors: | E J Anthony |
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Institution: | (1) Département de Géographie, Université du Littoral, 2, Chaussée des Darses, F-59140 Dunkerque, France |
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Abstract: | Beach conservation and management on the high-value French Riviera in southeastern France have had mixed fortunes in shoreline
economic development strategies over the past half century. Prior to 1965, socio-economic growth related to immigration and
tourism resulted in considerable pressure on the coastal zone, leading in particular to beach erosion and degradation of beach
environmental quality. Between 1965 and 1980, over 20% of the 132 km-long French Riviera was permanently altered through the
implantation of yachting harbours and reclamation fill structures, while beach-based recreation had a rather low ranking as
a development choice, except in the two major resorts of Cannes and Nice which exhibit a densely urbanized seafront. On this
preponderantly bold rocky coast, the mediocre recreational value inherited by many of the beaches from the regional geologic
setting, and from development pressures and earlier errors in coastal management, left them vulnerable to appropriation and
so-called ‘valorization’ by yachting harbour and estate developers.
Over the last decade, artificial shoreline development has virtually ceased, in response to several more or less interrelated
factors. These include relative stagnation of socio-economic growth, increasing development and maintenance costs of yachting
harbours, saturation of the yachting harbour market as a result of the burgeoning of new, often cheaper, resorts and of reconversion
of commercial and shipbuilding ports to leisure ports in the Mediterranean, more stringent legislation, since 1986, on the
implantation of residential and major engineering structures on the coastline, pressure for conservation of the cultural and
environmental heritage, and greater demand for beach recreational space. This situation has forced a diversification of shore-based
activities, as it has been realised that better managed beaches may balance economic aspirations while contributing to enhanced
environmental quality and sensible shoreline conservation. This change in strategy has entailed considerable efforts and money
on the improvement of coastal water quality, the provision of amenities for beach-goers, and especially the nourishment of
eroding beaches and the creation of several artificial beaches. The extent to which beaches will continue to play a role in
the sustainable development of French Riviera resorts will depend largely on the capacity of local authorities to maintain
environmental quality in the face of inherited and persistent handicaps such as beach erosion. |
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Keywords: | Artificial shoreline development Beach conservation Beach management Mediterranean coast Tourism |
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