新疆鸟类和哺乳动物物种丰富度空间异质性及其多尺度效应

基于新疆维吾尔自治区鸟类和哺乳动10km×10km物种空间分布数据及1km×1km土地利用数据，引入NDVI、海拔和地理纬度等辅助数据，分别对物种和土地利用数据进行尺度变换，计算分析了1~10km尺度下的景观指数，并进一步在生态系统层面进行尺度效应研究，以探究表征物种多样性空间异质性的合理尺度.结果表明：新疆总体的景观类型较为丰富，北疆的景观丰富度和破碎度都相对高于南疆，并且各类型斑块分布不均匀，景观中存在具有优势度的斑块.鸟类在聚落、水体和湿地生态系统中的尺度效应明显，而哺乳动物的尺度效应在农田、森林生态系统比较显著.7~10km尺度下，聚落景观面积越小，分割度越高，水体景观越破碎，越离散，形状越复杂，鸟类丰富度越高.农田和森林生态系统的景观特征对哺乳动物丰富度具有较高的参考价值.7~10km下，农田斑块越离散、形状越复杂，哺乳动物物种丰富度越低；4km尺度下，森林景观斑块形状越复杂、连接度越高，哺乳动物物种越丰富.

Spatial heterogeneity and multi-scale effects of species richness of birds and mammals in Xinjiang

Spatial distribution of 10km×10km gridded data of birds and mammals species and the 1km×1km land use in Xinjiang were taken as the basic data sources. Using NDVI, altitude, and geographical location of latitude as ancillary data to scale down the 10km×10km grid data and upscale the 1km×1km land use data respectively. Matching the data at 1km intervals from 1~10km resolution and different landscape index were calculated and analyzed under each scale. Scale effects were also studied at ecosystem level in order to find the reasonable and suitable scale that fit for characterizing the spatial heterogeneity of birds and mammal species diversity. The results show that:overall landscape types were rich in Xinjiang. Landscape richness and fragmentation in northern Xinjiang were higher than those in southern Xinjiang relatively; different types of patches distributed unevenly and there were dominate patches existed. Scale effects were more obvious for birds in ecosystems of settlement, water and wetland, but more significant for mammals in farmland and forest ecosystems. Under 7~10km scale, the smaller the settlement area was, the higher the degree of its landscape division, while the more discrete and fragmentation of landscape of water, the more complex of its shape and abundant of birds species. Characteristics of farmland and forest ecosystems have more significant meanings to the richness of mammals. Under the scale of 7~10km, mammal species richness was lower where farmland patches were more discrete and complex in shape. With the scale of 4km, mammal species richness was higher wherever forest patches are well connected and more complex in shape.