三亚市水体中PPCPs的污染水平、分布特征及生态风险评价

环境中药物和个人护理用品（PPCPs）污染已引起全球性的关注,为了解热带滨海旅游城市三亚市的河流及主要海湾中PPCPs的污染水平、空间分布特征及其潜在环境风险,采用固相萃取和高效液相色谱串联质谱测定了三亚市主要河流和海湾中的11种典型PPCPs类物质.结果表明,由于三亚市在冬季和夏季接待旅游人数和降雨量的季节性变化,以及在冬季大量涌入以老年人为主的"候鸟"人口,使得三亚市主要河流中PPCPs浓度的季节性差异显著.冬季11种PPCPs检出率为100%,咖啡因（CFI）检出浓度最高为1449.10 ng·L^-1,其次为美托洛尔（MTP）检出浓度最高为427.06 ng·L^-1和罗红霉素（RTM）检出浓度最高为311.59 ng·L^-1;夏季除磺胺甲唑（SMX）、磺胺噻唑（STZ）、泰乐菌素（TYL）、MTP和卡马西平（CBZ）的检出率在87.5%~93.75%,其余检出率为100%,CFI、MTP、RTM、红霉素（ETM）和氧氟沙星（OFL）浓度较高.主要海湾近岸海水中11种PPCPs均有检出,其中SMX、MTP和CBZ的检出率分别为85.7%、57.1%和71.4%,其余PPCPs检出率均为100%.CFI检出浓度最高,最大浓度为220.78 ng·L^-1.运用风险商值模型（RQ）评价11种PPCPs在三亚市河流生态环境中的潜在风险,发现冬季STZ在月川桥采样点和RTM在凤凰路采样点,由于附近的医院以及污水处理厂出水排入,RQ值均>l,对水体的生态环境存在高风险.在夏季STZ在三亚大桥采样点、RTM在红沙码头采样点的RQ值介于0.1~1之间,对水体的生态环境具有潜在的中风险.

Occurrence, Distribution, and Ecological Risk Assessment of Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products in the Aquatic Environment of Sanya City, China

The occurrence, distribution, and risk of 11 typical pharmaceutical and personal care products(PPCPs) were investigated in the major rivers and bay areas of Sanya City. The results showed that the significant seasonal variations in eleven PPCPs in major rivers of the city were affected by intense tourism alongside reduced annual runoff. In winter, all 11 PPCPs had 100% detection frequencies, of which CFI had the highest concentration at 1449.10 ng·L^-1. The highest concentration of MTP was 427.06 ng·L^-1 and highest concentration of RTM was 311.59 ng·L^-1. In summer, all 11 PPCPs were again detected, with a lowest detection rate of 87.5%, of which CFI, MTP, RTM, ETM, and OFL were predominant. All 11 PPCPs were also detected in the surface seawater of the main bay areas, with detection frequencies of 85.7%, 57.1%, and 71.4% for SMX, MTP, and CFI respectively; the other eight PPCPs had 100% detection frequencies. CFI had the highest concentration at 220.78 ng·L^-1. An ecological risk assessment of the 11 PPCPs showed that the risk quotients(RQ) of STZ at Yuechuan Bridge and RTM at Fenghuang Road were higher than 1 in winter, posing a high risk to the aquatic ecology. This was mainly attributed to the discharge of water from nearby hospitals and sewage treatment plants. In summer, the RQ of STZ at Sanya Bridge and RTM at Hongsha Wharf was between 0.1 and 1, which indicates a medium level of risk to the aquatic environment in Sanya City.