Exposure assessment issues in epidemiology studies of phthalates |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48103, USA;2. National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington DC 20460, USA;3. National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2890 Woodbridge Avenue, Edison, NJ 08837, USA;1. Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, 58 Rue Montalembert, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France;2. Clermont Université, Université d''Auvergne, EA 4681, PEPRADE (Périnatalité, grossesse, Environnement, PRAtiques médicales et DEveloppement), 28 place Henri-Dunant BP 38, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France;3. AUDIPOG (Association des Utilisateurs de Dossiers informatisés en Pédiatrie, Obstétrique et Gynécologie) RTH Laennec Medical University, 7 rue Guillaume Paradin, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France;4. Clermont Université, Université d''Auvergne, Faculté de Pharmacie, Département Santé Publique et Environnement, 28 place Henri-Dunant BP 38, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France;1. Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA;2. Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia Center for Children''s Environmental Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA;3. National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA;4. Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA;5. Heilbrunn Department of Population and Family Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA;6. Department of Laboratory Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Children''s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA;1. International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China;2. Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, United States;3. The Second Campus Hospital, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China;1. Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China;2. Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics, Hefei, Anhui, China |
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| Abstract: | PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to review exposure assessment issues that need to be addressed in designing and interpreting epidemiology studies of phthalates, a class of chemicals commonly used in consumer and personal care products. Specific issues include population trends in exposure, temporal reliability of a urinary metabolite measurement, and how well a single urine sample may represent longer-term exposure. The focus of this review is on seven specific phthalates: diethyl phthalate (DEP); di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP); diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP); butyl benzyl phthalate (BBzP); di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP); diisononyl phthalate (DiNP); and diisodecyl phthalate (DiDP).MethodsComprehensive literature search using multiple search strategies.ResultsSince 2001, declines in population exposure to DEP, BBzP, DBP, and DEHP have been reported in the United States and Germany, but DEHP exposure has increased in China. Although the half-lives of various phthalate metabolites are relatively short (3 to 18 h), the intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for phthalate metabolites, based on spot and first morning urine samples collected over a week to several months, range from weak to moderate, with a tendency toward higher ICCs (greater temporal stability) for metabolites of the shorter-chained (DEP, DBP, DiBP and BBzP, ICCs generally 0.3 to 0.6) compared with those of the longer-chained (DEHP, DiNP, DiDP, ICCs generally 0.1 to 0.3) phthalates. Additional research on optimal approaches to addressing the issue of urine dilution in studies of associations between biomarkers and different type of health effects is needed.ConclusionsIn conclusion, the measurement of urinary metabolite concentrations in urine could serve as a valuable approach to estimating exposure to phthalates in environmental epidemiology studies. Careful consideration of the strengths and limitations of this approach when interpreting study results is required. |
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