Modeling indoor air pollution of outdoor origin in homes of SAPALDIA subjects in Switzerland |
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| Institution: | 1. Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, P.O. Box, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland;2. University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland;3. Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay Powai, Mumbai 400076, India;1. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States;2. Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland;3. MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK;4. School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK;5. Epidemiology Department, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States;1. Regional Centre for Environment and Health, Arpae Emilia-Romagna, Via Begarelli, 13, 41121 Modena, Italy;2. Department of Science and High Technology, Università degli Studi dell''Insubria, Via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy;3. Regional Centre for Urban Areas, Arpae Emilia-Romagna, Largo Caduti del Lavoro, 6, 40122 Bologna, Italy;4. Provincial District of Ravenna, Arpae Emilia-Romagna, Via Alberoni, 17/19, 48121 Ravenna, Italy;5. National Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland |
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| Abstract: | Given the shrinking spatial contrasts in outdoor air pollution in Switzerland and the trends toward tightly insulated buildings, the Swiss Cohort Study on Air Pollution and Lung and Heart Diseases in Adults (SAPALDIA) needs to understand to what extent outdoor air pollution remains a determinant for residential indoor exposure. The objectives of this paper are to identify determining factors for indoor air pollution concentrations of particulate matter (PM), ultrafine particles in the size range from 15 to 300 nm, black smoke measured as light absorbance of PM (PMabsorbance) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and to develop predictive indoor models for SAPALDIA. Multivariable regression models were developed based on indoor and outdoor measurements among homes of selected SAPALDIA participants in three urban (Basel, Geneva, Lugano) and one rural region (Wald ZH) in Switzerland, various home characteristics and reported indoor sources such as cooking. Outdoor levels of air pollutants were important predictors for indoor air pollutants, except for the coarse particle fraction. The fractions of outdoor concentrations infiltrating indoors were between 30% and 66%, the highest one was observed for PMabsorbance. A modifying effect of open windows was found for NO2 and the ultrafine particle number concentration. Cooking was associated with increased particle and NO2 levels. This study shows that outdoor air pollution remains an important determinant of residential indoor air pollution in Switzerland. |
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