Populations potentially exposed to traffic-related air pollution in seven world cities |
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| Institution: | 1. Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley 94720-7360, USA;2. Energy and Resources Group, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley 94720-3050, USA;3. Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London, UK;4. Environmental Health Department, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico;5. Environmental Health Sciences Department, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, 90095-1772, USA;1. Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, 401 Park Drive, HSPH-BWH-301W, Boston, MA 02215, USA;2. Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, Nobelsväg 13, Solna 171 77, Sweden;3. Centre for Studies on Human Stress, Research Center of the Mental Health Institute, 7401 Rue Hochelaga, Montreal, Quebec, H1N 3M5, Canada;4. Etholabs, School of Psychoeducation, University of Montreal, C. P. 6128, succursale Centre-ville, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3J7, Canada;5. Département de psychologie, Université du Québec à Montréal, 320 Sainte-Catherine Est Pavillon J.A. De Sève, local DS5775, Montreal, Quebec H2X 1L7, Canada;6. INSERM U1085, Université Rennes I, 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes, France;7. Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Université de Montréal, 2375 ch. de la Cote-Sainte-Catherine, Montreal, Quebec, H3T 1A8, Canada;8. Université de Montréal Public Health Research Institute, Université de Montréal, 7101 avenue du Parc, office 3187-03, Montreal, Quebec, H3N 1X9, Canada;9. Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, 2875 Laurier, Quebec, Quebec G1V 2M2, Canada;1. Epidemiology Unit, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale, Reggio Emilia, Italy;2. IRCCS Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, Reggio Emilia, Italy;3. Regional Reference Centre on Environment and Health, ARPA Emilia-Romagna Region, Modena, Italy;4. Public Health Service, Emilia-Romagna Region, Italy;5. Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Region, Italy |
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| Abstract: | Traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) likely exerts a large burden of disease globally, and in many places, traffic is increasing dramatically. The impact, however, of urban form on the portion of population potentially exposed to TRAP remains poorly understood. In this study, we estimate portions of population potentially exposed to TRAP across seven global cities of various urban forms. Data on population distributions and road networks were collected from the best available sources in each city and from remote sensing analysis. Using spatial mapping techniques, we first overlaid road buffers onto population data to estimate the portions of population potentially exposed for four plausible impact zones. Based on a most likely scenario with impacts from highways up to 300 meters and major roadways up to 50 meters, we identified that the portions of population potentially exposed for the seven cities ranged from 23 to 96%. High-income North American cities had the lowest potential exposure portions, while those in Europe had the highest. Second, we adjusted exposure zone concentration levels based on a literature suggested multiplier for each city using corresponding background concentrations. Though Beijing and Mexico City did not have the highest portion of population exposure, those in their exposure zones had the highest levels of exposure. For all seven cities, the portion of population potentially exposed was positively correlated with roadway density and, to a lesser extent, with population density. These analyses suggest that urban form may influence the portion of population exposed to TRAP and vehicle emissions and other factors may influence the exposure levels. Greater understanding of urban form and other factors influencing potential exposure to TRAP may help inform interventions that protect public health. |
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