Age as a determinant of phosphate flame retardant exposure of the Australian population and identification of novel urinary PFR metabolites |
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| Institution: | 1. Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium;2. National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, The University of Queensland, Coopers Plains, QLD, Australia;3. Summit Toxicology, LLP, Falls Church, VA, USA;4. Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, Taringa, Brisbane, Australia;1. Department of Exposure and Risk Assessment, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404, Nydalen, 0403 Oslo, Norway;2. Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain;3. Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway;1. Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Department of Chemical Safety and Toxicology, D-80538 Munich, Germany;2. Berlin-Brandenburg State Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Protection, Invalidenstr. 60, D-10557 Berlin, Germany;3. Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany;4. North Rhine-Westphalia State Agency for Nature, Environment and Consumer Protection, D-45659 Recklinghausen, Germany;1. Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA;2. Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA;1. Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States;2. Boston University School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States;1. Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA;2. Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA;3. Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA;4. Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA;5. Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA;6. Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA;7. SCIEX, Framingham, MA, USA;8. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA |
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| Abstract: | The demand for alternative flame retardant materials such as phosphate flame retardants and plasticizers (PFRs) is increasing, although little is known of their possible effects on human health and development. To date, no information on the exposure of children or general Australian population to PFRs is available. The objectives of this study were to characterize the average levels and age-related patterns of PFR metabolites in urine in the general Australian population and to identify novel hydroxylated PFR metabolites in urine. Surplus pathology urine samples from Queensland, Australia were stratified and pooled by age and sex (3224 individuals aged 0 to 75 years into 95 pools) according to two different pooling strategies at two different time periods. Samples were analyzed by solid phase extraction and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry following enzymatic treatment. Nine PFR metabolites were measured in the Australian population, including the first report of a hydroxylated metabolite of TCIPP (BCIPHIPP). Diphenyl phosphate (DPHP), BCIPHIPP and bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP) were detected in > 95% of samples. DPHP, a metabolite of aryl-PFRs, was found in several samples at levels which were one order of magnitude higher than previously reported (up to 730 ng/mL). Weighted linear regression revealed a significant negative association between log-normalized BDCIPP and DPHP levels and age (p < 0.001). Significantly greater levels of BDCIPP and DPHP were found in children's urine compared with adults, suggesting higher exposure to PFRs in young children. BCIPHIPP was identified for inclusion in future PFR biomonitoring studies. |
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