Modelling microbial health risk of wastewater reuse: A systems perspective |
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| Institution: | 1. Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Gardens Point Campus, 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia;2. Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia;3. School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Parklands Drive, Southport, Queensland 4222, Australia;4. Smartwater Research Centre, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Edmund Rice Dr, Southport, Queensland 4215, Australia;5. School of Natural Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia;6. Griffith School of Engineering, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Parklands Drive, Southport, Queensland 4222, Australia;7. Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Gardens Point Campus, 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia;8. Institute for Future Environments (IFE), Queensland University of Technology, Gardens Point Campus, 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia;1. KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands;2. Section Sanitary Engineering, Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands;3. Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, Barcelona 08028, Spain;4. Computational Genomics Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, Barcelona 08028, Spain;1. Soller Environmental, Inc., 3022 King St., Berkeley, CA 94703, USA;2. Rm. 3-57D South Academic Building, School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB T6G 2G7, Canada;1. Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North 13, West 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan;2. Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga 520-0811, Japan;3. Department of Food, Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, 1-23 Wakaba-machi, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-8555, Japan;4. Department of Urban Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan;1. Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, Midreshet Ben Gurion 84990, Israel;2. Faculty of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel;3. Department of Life Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel |
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| Abstract: | There is a widespread need for the use of quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) to determine reclaimed water quality for specific uses, however neither faecal indicator levels nor pathogen concentrations alone are adequate for assessing exposure health risk. The aim of this study was to build a conceptual model representing factors contributing to the microbiological health risks of reusing water treated in maturation ponds. This paper describes the development of an unparameterised model that provides a visual representation of theoretical constructs and variables of interest. Information was collected from the peer-reviewed literature and through consultation with experts from regulatory authorities and academic disciplines. In this paper we explore how, considering microbial risk as a modular system, following the QMRA framework enables incorporation of the many factors influencing human exposure and dose response, to better characterise likely human health impacts. By using and expanding upon the QMRA framework we deliver new insights into this important field of environmental exposures. We present a conceptual model of health risk of microbial exposure which can be used for maturation ponds and, more importantly, as a generic tool to assess health risk in diverse wastewater reuse scenarios. |
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