Exposure to long-term air pollution and road traffic noise in relation to cholesterol: A cross-sectional study |
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| Institution: | 1. Diet, Genes and Environment, Danish Cancer Society Research Centre, Copenhagen, Denmark;2. Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark;3. Department of Public Health, Section for Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark;4. Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark;1. Andalusian School of Public Health (EASP), Granada, Spain;2. Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.GRANADA, Hospitales Universitarios de Granada/Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain;3. Department of Legal Medicine and Toxicology, University of Granada School of Medicine, Granada, Spain;4. Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Almería, Spain;5. Center for Public Health Research (CSISP-FISABIO), Valencia, Spain;6. Department of Genetics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Spain;7. University of Almería, Department of Neurosciences and Health Sciences, Almería, Spain;8. Andalusian Council of Health at Almería Province, Almería, Spain;9. CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain;1. Small Area Health Statistics Unit, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom;2. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom;3. Public Health and Primary Care, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK;4. MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King''s College London, United Kingdom;5. Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom;6. Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom;7. Clinicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland;8. ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain;9. Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Spain;10. CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain;1. Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan;2. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan;3. Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan;4. Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan;5. School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan;6. Department of Family Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan;7. Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China;8. Division of Cardiology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China;9. Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan;10. Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Case Western Reserve Medical School, Cleveland, Ohio;1. Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland;2. University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland;3. IUF — Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany;4. Division of Cardiology, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland;5. Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland |
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| Abstract: | BackgroundExposure to traffic noise and air pollution have both been associated with cardiovascular disease, though the mechanisms behind are not yet clear.ObjectivesWe aimed to investigate whether the two exposures were associated with levels of cholesterol in a cross-sectional design.MethodsIn 1993–1997, 39,863 participants aged 50–64 year and living in the Greater Copenhagen area were enrolled in a population-based cohort study. For each participant, non-fasting total cholesterol was determined in whole blood samples on the day of enrolment. Residential addresses 5-years preceding enrolment were identified in a national register and road traffic noise (Lden) were modeled for all addresses. For air pollution, nitrogen dioxide (NO2) was modeled at all addresses using a dispersion model and PM2.5 was modeled at all enrolment addresses using a land-use regression model. Analyses were done using linear regression with adjustment for potential confounders as well as mutual adjustment for the three exposures.ResultsBaseline residential exposure to the interquartile range of road traffic noise, NO2 and PM2.5 was associated with a 0.58 mg/dl (95% confidence interval: ? 0.09; 1.25), a 0.68 mg/dl (0.22; 1.16) and a 0.78 mg/dl (0.22; 1.34) higher level of total cholesterol in single pollutant models, respectively. In two pollutant models with adjustment for noise in air pollution models and vice versa, the association between air pollution and cholesterol remained for both air pollution variables (NO2: 0.72 (0.11; 1.34); PM2.5: 0.70 (0.12; 1.28) mg/dl), whereas there was no association for noise (? 0.08 mg/dl). In three-pollutant models (NO2, PM2.5 and road traffic noise), estimates for NO2 and PM2.5 were slightly diminished (NO2: 0.58 (? 0.05; 1.22); PM2.5: 0.57 (? 0.02; 1.17) mg/dl).ConclusionsAir pollution and possibly also road traffic noise may be associated with slightly higher levels of cholesterol, though associations for the two exposures were difficult to separate. |
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