废弃鲜烟叶田间就地堆肥促生长机制研究

烟草种植过程中产生的废弃鲜烟叶同时含有有机质、钾及病原菌，田间就地堆肥可以低成本实现其无害化处理与资源化利用. 为明确废弃鲜烟叶堆肥产品中溶解性腐殖质的含量与功能，研发出废弃鲜烟叶野外强化堆肥模式进行高效返田，开展了废弃烟叶田间直接就地堆肥、废弃烟叶接种有机肥堆肥、废弃烟叶接种土壤堆肥以及废弃烟叶接种土壤和复合肥堆肥，将4种堆肥模式下获得的产品用于烟草盆栽试验，研究了其在添加与不添加化肥复合肥下对土壤肥力、土壤酶活、特征功能基因、病原菌及作物生长的影响. 结果表明:①施加烟叶有机肥能显著增加土壤中溶解性腐殖质的含量，抑制微生物的硝化和反硝化过程，促进全氮保存和碱解氮供给，同时有机肥中的溶解性腐殖质组分还可提升土壤速效钾和有效磷的含量. ②施用烟叶有机肥能增加土壤过氧化氢酶活性，抑制土壤青枯病. ③有机肥施用后，土壤中增加的溶解性腐殖质促进了碱解氮供给，引起了盆栽作物的株高、茎围、叶片数、最大叶长、最大叶宽增加. ④与不添加有机肥的对照组相比，施用废弃烟叶接种土壤和复合肥堆肥得到的产品，在盆栽过程的团棵期(37 d)时株高、茎围、叶片数、最大叶长、最大叶宽分别提高了78.7%、23.1%、26.8%、45.5%、49.6%；在旺长期(56 d)时最大叶长、最大叶宽分别提高了18.5%和16.5%，在成熟期(100 d)时分别提高了11.6%和19.7%. 研究显示，废弃鲜烟叶+土壤+化肥复合肥堆肥工艺制备的有机肥能显著增加土壤溶解性腐殖质，提升土壤固氮、释磷、促钾的能力，改善烟叶的农艺性状. 

Study on in situ Composting Promoting Growth Mechanism of Discarded Fresh Tobacco Leaves in Field

The waste tobacco leaves produced during tobacco cultivation contain organic matter, potassium and pathogenic bacteria, and composting in the field can realize the harmless treatment and resource utilization of the leaves at low cost. In order to reveal the content and function of dissolved humic substances in compost products of waste fresh tobacco leaves and develop a field enhanced composting model for returning waste tobacco leaves to the field, four composting modes, i.e., waste tobacco leaves, waste tobacco leaves inoculated with organic manure, waste tobacco leaves inoculated with soil, and waste tobacco leaves inoculated with soil and compound fertilizer, were tested in the field. The products obtained from the four composting modes were applied into tobacco pot experiments, and the effects of the compost with and without chemical fertilizer on soil fertility, soil enzyme activity, functional genes, pathogens and crop growth were studied. The results showed that: (1) The compost originated from fresh tobacco leaves could significantly increase the content of dissolved humic substances in soil, inhibit the nitrification and denitrification processes, and lead to the increase in total nitrogen and alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen in soil. Meanwhile, the dissolved humic substances in the compost could also increase the content of available potassium and available phosphorus in soil. (2) The application of tobacco-originated compost into soil could increase catalase activity and inhibit bacterial wilt. (3) The application of tobacco-originated compost into soil increased the content of dissolved humic substances in soil, promoted the supply of alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen, and led to an increase in plant height, stem circumference, leaf number, maximum leaf length and maximum leaf width of potted crops. (4) Compared with the control group without the compost, the plant height, stem circumference, leaf number, maximum leaf length and maximum leaf width increased by 78.7%, 23.1%, 26.8%, 45.5% and 49.6% in the group planting stage (37 d) when the compost from waste tobacco leaf inoculated with soil and compound fertilizer was applied into soil. In addition, the maximum leaf length and maximum leaf width increased by 18.5% and 16.5% in the flourishing stage (56 d), and by 11.6% and 19.7% in the mature stage (100 d). The results showed that the compost from waste tobacco leaf inoculated with soil and compound fertilizer could significantly increase dissolved humic substances in soil, improve soil nitrogen fixation, phosphorus and potassium release, therefore improving the agronomic properties of tobacco leaves.