Benefit of suites of defensive behavior induced by predator chemical cues on anuran tadpoles, Hyla japonica |
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Authors: | Teruhiko Takahara Yukihiro Kohmatsu Atsushi Maruyama Ryohei Yamaoka |
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Institution: | 1. Chemical Ecology Laboratory, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki-gosyokaido, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan 2. Venture Laboratory, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki-gosyokaido, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan 5. Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan 3. Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, 457-4 Motoyama, Kamigamo, Kita, Kyoto, 603-8047, Japan 4. Department of Environmental Solution Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Ryukoku University, Seta-Oe, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2194, Japan
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Abstract: | When predator chemical cues are present, low activity of prey is a commonly seen defensive behavior. However, few studies
have explored the functional implications of the defensive behaviors and, thus, elucidated the possible linkages between behavioral
responses and its consequences. In this study, we experimentally investigated how behavioral responses of Hyla japonica tadpoles to predator chemical cues affect vulnerability to a dragonfly nymph Anax parthenope julius. The frequency of tadpoles attacked by dragonfly nymphs was lower with chemical cues of predator was present than without
chemical cues, and most of attacks occurred when tadpoles were mobile. When tadpoles were exposed to chemical cues, on the
other hand, their swimming speed was quicker and swimming distance was longer, respectively, and the rates of being approached
of the swimming tadpoles by dragonfly nymph was lower than those not exposed to chemical cues. We found that the tadpoles
are induced by predator chemical cues not only to generally lower activity but also to swim in bursts as additional behavior
and that the suite of their behavioral responses reduce the vulnerability against dragonfly nymph. Tadpoles can receive information
about the predation risks by chemical cues and adjust their defensive behavior accordingly. |
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Keywords: | Behavioral response Burst-swimming behavior Chemical cues Low activity Tadpole |
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