中国部分城市空气环境铅含量及分布研究

为描述我国城市空气环境铅含量的水平和分布特征.通过计算机在CNKI、万方、维普、Science Direct、Google Scholar和PubMed等数据库检索和搜集2000~2012年间发表的关于空气颗粒物中重金属含量的文献,剔除重复后,按照拟定的标准进行筛选,共有69篇文献纳入分析研究,涉及30个省/市共42个城市,有效样本数大于5489个.空气环境铅含量均以PM10的监测结果计(以下同,包括我国环境空气质量标准限值),其加权平均值为(256.5±192.0)ng/m3,其中,18个城市(占42.96%)空气中的铅含量超过我国环境空气质量标准(GB3095-2012)的年均限值(272.5ng/m3),其平均值为(551.0±350.3)ng/m3;湖南长沙、广东韶关、辽宁沈阳、江西永修、陕西西安和辽宁葫芦岛6个城市(占14.3%)的空气环境铅含量超过季均限值(545.0ng/m3),其铅含量分别为554.4,637.0,638.8,764.1,1018.6,1721.2ng/m3.我国经济较发达的京津唐、环渤海圈以及珠江三角洲地区的空气环境铅含量较高;我国北方城市空气环境铅含量在冬春季相对较高,是夏秋季节的1.2~1.9倍,东南沿海城市空气环境铅含量的季节性变化不明显;广州、上海、北京和成都的数据分析显示自2003年以来,空气中的铅含量呈明显的下降趋势.上述分析结果表明,我国空气环境铅含量较高,总体呈现下降趋势.

Contents and distribution characteristics of atmospheric lead in urban China

To describe the characteristics for the content and the distribution of atmospheric lead in urban China, the articles on atmospheric heavy metal contents in Chinese cities publicated from 2000 to 2012 were searched and collected through the search engines of CNKI, Wanfang, CQVIP, Science Direct, Google Scholar and PubMed etc. Based on the uniform criteria, 69 articles were selected for the further analysis. The atmospheric lead contents were reported in 42 cities of 30 provinces and included more than 5,489 samples. Atmospheric lead concentrations were expressed by the lead concentrations in PM10. The lead concentrations by those in PM2.5 and in TSP were transferred, including the limits of the national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS). The weighted mean of atmospheric lead level in urban China was (256.5±192.0) ng/m3. The atmospheric lead levels in 18cities (42.9%) were higher than 272.5ng/m3, the limits of NAAQS (GB3095-2012) in PM10, and the average was (551.0±350.3) ng/m3. The levels of lead in Changsha in Hunan province, Shaoguan in Guangdong province, Shengyang in Liaoning province, Yongxiu in Jiangxi province, Xi'an in Shanxi province and Hulu island in Liaoning province were 554.4, 637.0, 638.8, 764.1, 1018.6 and 1721.2ng/m3, respectively, these were higher than the seasonal limit of NAAQS (545.0ng/m3). The results also showed that levels of atmospheric lead in developed regions, such as Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan economic zone, Circum-Bohai-Sea region and Pearl River Delta, were higher than those in other regions. The atmospheric lead contents in winter-spring were 1.2~1.9times as high as those in autumn-fall in north cities in China, while there were no significant differences in southeast coastal cities. It was showed that lead contents decreased remarkably in Guangzhou, Shanghai, Beijing and Chengdu since 2003. These results suggested that the atmospheric lead contents in urban China were much higher that those in developed countries, although the levels of lead showed the decreased trend.