Soil management for sustainable crop disease control: a review |
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Authors: | R Ghorbani S Wilcockson A Koocheki C Leifert |
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Institution: | (1) Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, P.O. Box: 91775-1163, Mashhad, Iran;(2) Nafferton Ecological Farming Group, School of Agriculture, University of Newcastle, Nafferton Farm, Stocksfields, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE43 7XD, UK |
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Abstract: | Excessive use of agrochemicals in conventional crop management has caused serious environmental and health problems including
loss of biodiversity and human disorders. A number of chemical biocides have shown complex chronic effects such as change
in endocrine functions and immune systems. Application of different chemical biocides to the soil and plants have increased
substantially over the last five decades. Total consumption of chemical fertilizers worldwide increased tenfold from 1950
to 2000. This is also true for chemical biocides with its annual current use of 3 billion l and a value of 30 billion dollars.
There are ample evidences indicating that plants which grow in rich soil associated with N-P-K availability are prone to pests
and diseases. Managing and exploiting soil environmental conditions as part of an integrated control strategy can make a significant
contribution to agricultural sustainability and environmental quality. Application of organic matter and practises which increase
the total microbial activity in the soil might enhance general suppression of pathogens by increasing competition for nutrients.
Choice of crops in rotation with plants less susceptible to specific pathogens causes a decline in population due to natural
mortality and the antagonistic activities of co-existent root zone microorganisms. Plants growing in disease-suppressive soil
resist diseases much better than in soils with low biological diversity. Understanding the effect of soil environmental factors
on plant disease incidence and the best crop management strategies to prevent, avoid, escape and control diseases were the
aims of this literature review. This article comprises the main topics on soil fertility associated with N-P-K and other macro-
and micro nutrients, and also soil pH, structure and texture, organic matter and microbial reserves, describes the use of
various crop management practises which reduce the incidence of plant diseases. |
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