Detection of dicofol and related pesticides in human breast milk from China, Korea and Japan |
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Authors: | Fujii Yukiko Haraguchi Koichi Harada Kouji H Hitomi Toshiaki Inoue Kayoko Itoh Yoshiko Watanabe Takao Takenaka Katsunobu Uehara Shigeki Yang Hye-Ran Kim Min-Young Moon Chan-Seok Kim Hae-Sook Wang Peiyu Liu Aiping Hung Nguyen Ngoc Koizumi Akio |
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Institution: | a Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Yoshida-Sakyo Kyoto 606-8501, Japan b Daiichi College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 22-1 Tamagawa-cho, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8511, Japan c Miyagi University of Education, Sendai 980-0845, Japan d Department of Neurosurgery, Takayama Red Cross Hospital, Takayama 506-8550, Japan e Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tohoku Kosai Hospital, Sendai 980-0803, Japan f Research Institute of Public Health and Environment, Seoul Metropolitan Government, Yangjae Seoul 137734, Republic of Korea g Department of Industrial Health, Catholic University of Pusan, Keumjeong, Busan 609757, Republic of Korea h College of Nursing Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130701, Republic of Korea i Department of Social Medicine and Health Education, School of Public Health, Peking University, Haidian Beijing 100083, PR China j Department of Science and Technology, Hanoi Medical University, Ton That Tung, Hanoi, SR, Viet Nam |
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Abstract: | Previously, we demonstrated that the concentrations of DDTs were greater in breast milk collected from Chinese mothers than from Japanese and Korean mothers. To investigate dicofol as a possible source of the DDTs in human breast milk, we collected breast milk samples from 2007 to 2009 in China (Beijing), Korea (Seoul, Busan) and Japan (Sendai, Takarazuka and Takayama). Using these breast milk samples, we quantified the concentrations of dichlorobenzophenone, a pyrolysis product of dicofol (simply referred to as dicofol hereafter), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites (DDTs) using GC-MS. Overall, 12 of 14 pooled breast milk samples from 210 mothers contained detectable levels of dicofol (>0.1 ng g−1 lipid). The geometric mean concentration of dicofol in the Japanese breast milk samples was 0.3 ng g−1 lipid and significantly lower than that in Chinese (9.6 ng g−1 lipid) or Korean breast milk samples (1.9 ng g−1 lipid) (p < 0.05 for each). Furthermore, the ΣDDT levels in breast milk from China were 10-fold higher than those from Korea and Japan. The present results strongly suggest the presence of extensive emission sources of both dicofol and DDTs in China. However, exposure to dicofol cannot explain the large exposure of Chinese mothers to DDTs because of the trace levels of dicofol in the ΣDDTs. In the present study, dicofol was confirmed to be detectable in human breast milk. This is the first report to identify dicofol in human samples. |
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Keywords: | Human milk DDTs Dicofol Japan Korea China |
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