典型药物在医院废水和城市污水处理厂中的污染特征及去除情况

本研究采用固相萃取结合高效液相色谱-串联三重四级杆质谱仪监测了17种苯二氮类药物、14种酸性药物和5种中性药物在广东省广州市的4座医院污水处理系统（H1~H4）和3座城市污水处理厂（W1~W3）中的污染特征.结果表明，在医院污水处理系统中检测到10种苯二氮类药物、8种酸性药物和3种中性药物，进出水中的浓度范围分别为0.41~23376 ng·L^-1和0.11~22888 ng·L^-1；在城市污水处理厂中检测到8种苯二氮类药物、8种酸性药物和4种中性药物，进出水中的浓度范围分别为0.4~1695 ng·L^-1和0.1~1526 ng·L^-1.其中，检测到浓度较高的苯二氮类药物分别为劳拉西泮［（53.1±2.7）ng·L^-1，H1］、奥沙西泮［（39.5±4.1）ng·L^-1，W2］和氯氮平［（30.6±4.0）ng·L^-1，W1］，布洛芬［（19014±5430）ng·L^-1，H1］和扑热息痛［（2600±570）ng·L^-1，H2］分别是酸性和中性药物中检测浓度最高的药物.大部分苯二氮类药物在医院污水处理系统和污水处理厂中的去除率均低于30%.酸性和中性药物的去除率远高于苯二氮类药物，且在污水处理厂中的去除率大部分在60%~99%之间，高于医院污水处理系统（10%~60%）.最后，根据人均污染负荷推算了典型药物在广东省和广州市的使用量以及广州市的年排放量，20种药物在广东省和广州市的总使用量分别为30371 kg·a^-1和3942 kg·a^-1，其中扑热息痛和布洛芬的使用量最高，苯二氮类药物中奥沙西泮和劳拉西泮也有较高的使用量.20种药物在广州市的排放量达到了1456 g·a^-1，各类药物的排放量范围为3.07（甲芬那酸）~378 g·a^-1（奥沙西泮）.

Pollution Characteristics and Removal of Typical Pharmaceuticals in Hospital Wastewater and Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants

In this study, solid phase extraction (SPE) coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) was used to track the contamination of 17 benzodiazepines, 14 acidic pharmaceuticals, and 5 neutral pharmaceuticals in 4 hospital wastewater treatment systems and 3 municipal wastewater treatment plants in Guangzhou, Guangdong Province. The results showed that a total of 10 benzodiazepines, 8 acidic, and 3 neutral pharmaceuticals were detected in the hospital wastewater treatment systems with concentrations in the ranges of 0.41-23376 ng·L^-1 and 0.11-22888 ng·L^-1 in the influents and effluents, respectively; The 8 benzodiazepines, 8 acidic, and 4 neutral pharmaceuticals were detected in the municipal wastewater treatment plants with concentrations in the ranges of 0.4-1695 ng·L^-1 (influents) and 0.1-1526 ng·L^-1 (effluents). Among them, high levels of benzodiazepine compounds including lorazepam(53.1±2.7) ng·L^-1, H1], oxazepam(39.5±4.1) ng·L^-1, W2] and clozapine(30.6±4.0) ng·L^-1, W1] were detected. Ibuprofen(19014±5430) ng·L^-1, H1] and paracetamol(2600±570) ng·L^-1, H2] were found to have the highest concentrations for the acidic and neutral pharmaceuticals, respectively. Less than 30% of benzodiazepines were removed in hospital wastewater treatment systems and municipal wastewater treatment plants; however, acidic and neutral pharmaceuticals had higher removal rates. The municipal wastewater treatment plants had greater performance in the removal of acidic and neutral pharmaceuticals (mostly 60%-99%) than the hospital wastewater treatment systems (mostly 10%-60%). Finally, the usage and pollution emissions of 20 typical pharmaceuticals in Guangzhou and Guangdong Province were calculated based on the average emission per person. The total amount of usage in Guangzhou and Guangdong was 3942 kg·a^-1 and 30371 kg·a^-1, respectively. Paracetamol and ibuprofen had the greatest values, as did oxazepam and lorazepam benzodiazepines. The emission rate of these 20 pharmaceuticals in Guangzhou reached 1456 g·a^-1 with concentrations ranging from 3.07 (mefenamic acid) to 378 g·a^-1 (oxazepam).