巢湖流域非点源磷流失关键源区识别

农业非点源磷污染是水体富营养化的重要原因.识别流域内各类景观中土壤磷向水体流失风险最大的关键源区并加以重点控制是流域非点源磷污染治理的重要手段.以巢湖流域为研究区,尝试采用改进的磷指数法在较大的流域尺度开展非点源磷流失风险评价及关键源区识别.在影响磷流失的污染源因子中增加了土壤磷吸持指数和磷饱和度指标.以反映土壤磷在水土界面迁移能力的差异;在迁移因子中又考虑了污染源与巢湖的距离.以反映污染源对最终受纳水体的影响;同时根据研究区特征及研究尺度对磷指数各指标分级与等级值进行了修改.结果表明,流域土壤磷吸持指数空间差异较小,总体上偏低,具有较高的流失风险;而土壤磷饱和度空间差异较显著,饱和度>25%的高风险区域超过流域面积的40%.巢湖流域非点源磷污染风险指数空间差异显著,风险等级最高(占流域面积5%)的区域分布在主要入湖河流下游的两岸平原地区,应作为磷污染重点控制的关键源区.磷指数法能够快速而方便地识别非点源磷污染的关键源区,应用于较大尺度流域可以从宏观上掌握非点源磷污染的空间差异并实施有效治理.

Identifying Critical Source Areas for Non-point Phosphorus Loss in Chaohu Watershed

Agricultural non-point phosphorus (P) pollution is an important cause of eutrophication in many freshwater systems. Identifying areas that at high risk for P loss to surface water in watershed and concentrating management efforts on these minimal portions of lands are better measures than implementing general strategies over a broad area. A modified version of P index was used to assess P loss risk and identify critical source areas in Chaohu watershed at a regional scale. Soil P sorption index and degree of P sorption saturation were introduced as source factors to show the inherent ability of P transport in soil-water interface. Distance from sources to Chaohu Lake was also considered as a new transport factor to show the influence from sources to final receiving water. The ranking schemes were modified according to available data and scale of study area. The soil P sorption indexes show mild spatial variations in watershed. However, the values are relative low which implies higher loss risk. Distinct spatial variations are found in the degree of soil P sorption saturation. More than 40% of the watershed is saturated over 25% by P. The results show prominent spatial variations of non-point P pollution risk index in Chaohu watershed. Highest risk areas, take up about 5% of the watershed, spread near the downstream parts of main rivers to Chaohu Lake. These should be regarded as critical source areas to be treated in priority. It indicates that P index is a rapid and simple tool to identify critical source areas of non-point P pollution at the regional scale and it enables managers to implement best management practice (BMPs) in a high priority to minimize P loss to sensitive watercourses.