中国海洋生态毒理学研究中的毒性测试生物

自20世纪70年代末，中国海洋生态毒理学萌芽发展，基于生态毒理学的剂量-反应原理开始利用海洋生物开展污染物毒性测试，以评估污染物对于海洋生物及海洋生态系统的影响.21世纪以来，应用于毒性测试的海洋生物物种变得更为广泛且多样，常用的海洋生物包括海洋藻类、原生动物、轮虫动物、环节动物、软体动物、棘皮动物、节肢动物、头索动物和海洋鱼类等.这些受试生物已用在多种海洋污染物的毒理学研究上，为海洋污染物的生态风险评估及海水水质基准的制定提供科学基础.浅述近年来中国海洋生态毒理学研究中毒性测试生物的应用情况，特别对其中常用的6种（类）海洋模式生物，包括中肋骨条藻、扇形游仆虫、牡蛎（多种）、海胆（多种）、日本虎斑猛水蚤和海洋青鳉鱼在毒性测试上的应用展开较为具体的介绍.

Toxicity Testing Organisms for Marine Ecotoxicological Research in China

Since the late 1970s, marine ecotoxicology began to sprout and develop in China. Based on the principles of dose-response relationships, some marine organisms are used in toxicity tests to evaluate the impact of marine pollutants on marine organisms and marine ecosystems. At the early stage, marine ecotoxicological research mainly focused on the bioaccumulation, biomagnification, and biodegradation of traditional pollutants such as heavy metals, radioactive elements, organotin, petroleum hydrocarbons, and pesticides, as well as their toxic effects on survival, growth, and other physiological indicators. With the development of Chinese industry, marine pollution has become increasingly serious. In addition to the traditional marine pollutants, toxicological research has been conducted on emerging pollutants with potential risks to marine ecosystems, such as POPs, emerging organic pollutants, nanomaterials, and microplastics. Moreover, the species of marine organisms used in toxicity testing have become more diverse. The selection of testing organisms is essential for evaluating toxicity correctly. The toxicity tests should be conducted on a variety of organisms from different trophic levels to ensure the comprehensive understanding of the impact of pollutants on marine ecosystems. The major types of marine organisms used in the toxicity testing include marine alga, protozoa, rotifera, annelida, mollusc, echinoderma, arthropoda, cephalopoda, and marine fish, which have been used in the toxicological studies of various marine pollutants. The outcome results can serve as the scientific basis for the ecological risk assessment of marine pollutants and the establishment of seawater quality criteria. It should be noted that the sensitivity of different testing organisms to different types of pollutants is quite diverse. Therefore, in addition to conducting a battery of tests on a variety of species which play important roles in marine ecosystems, elucidating the toxic mechanisms in different species is also important for marine ecotoxicological studies. The application of the above-mentioned organisms in marine ecotoxicology research in recent years is briefly reviewed here. Particularly, the six commonly used marine model species (Skeletonema costatum, Euplotes vannus, oysters, sea urchins, Tigriopus japonicus, and Oryzias melastigma) used in toxicity testing are introduced in detail.