Sequential analysis of aggressive interactions in the stalk-eyed fly Teleopsis dalmanni |
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Authors: | Alison R Egge Yoni Brandt and John G Swallow |
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Institution: | (1) Department of Biology, The University of South Dakota, 414 E Clark St, Churchill-Haines 179, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA; |
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Abstract: | Understanding the mechanisms and determinants of conflict resolution is of great theoretical and practical importance because
the outcome of contests between males over limited resources such as mates, territories, and food has profound fitness consequences.
Despite the large literature on the theory of conflict resolution, relatively few empirical studies explicitly test predictions
related to contest structure for these models. In sexually dimorphic species of stalk-eyed flies (Diopsidae), males engage
in characteristic aggressive interactions over both females and food resources. We used sequential analysis of aggressive
interactions between dyads of male stalk-eyed flies to investigate patterns of escalation, behavioral matching, and physical
contact in order to distinguish between three common models of conflict resolution: the sequential assessment model, the cumulative
assessment model, and the energetic war of attrition. Stalk-eyed flies were shown to engage in both low- and high-intensity
behaviors during interactions with patterns of escalation and no de-escalation. Aggressive interactions did not demonstrate
behavioral matching between winners and losers. Stalk-eyed flies also escalated to behaviors that included physical contact
without injuries. Our results provide support for the sequential assessment model based on patterns of escalation with no
de-escalation, behavioral mismatching, and behaviors which include physical contact but no injuries. |
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