Adaptive speciation theory: a conceptual review |
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Authors: | Franz J Weissing Pim Edelaar G Sander van Doorn |
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Institution: | 1.Theoretical Biology Group, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies,University of Groningen,Haren,The Netherlands;2.Estacion Biologica de Do?ana - CSIC,Sevilla,Spain;3.Department of Behavioural Ecology, Institute of Ecology and Evolution,University of Bern,Hinterkappelen,Switzerland |
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Abstract: | Speciation—the origin of new species—is the source of the diversity of life. A theory of speciation is essential to link poorly
understood macro-evolutionary processes, such as the origin of biodiversity and adaptive radiation, to well understood micro-evolutionary
processes, such as allele frequency change due to natural or sexual selection. An important question is whether, and to what
extent, the process of speciation is ‘adaptive’, i.e., driven by natural and/or sexual selection. Here, we discuss two main
modelling approaches in adaptive speciation theory. Ecological models of speciation focus on the evolution of ecological differentiation
through divergent natural selection. These models can explain the stable coexistence of the resulting daughter species in
the face of interspecific competition, but they are often vague about the evolution of reproductive isolation. Most sexual
selection models of speciation focus on the diversification of mating strategies through divergent sexual selection. These
models can explain the evolution of prezygotic reproductive isolation, but they are typically vague on questions like ecological
coexistence. By means of an integrated model, incorporating both ecological interactions and sexual selection, we demonstrate
that disruptive selection on both ecological and mating strategies is necessary, but not sufficient, for speciation to occur.
To achieve speciation, mating must at least partly reflect ecological characteristics. The interaction of natural and sexual
selection is also pivotal in a model where sexual selection facilitates ecological speciation even in the absence of diverging
female preferences. In view of these results, it is counterproductive to consider ecological and sexual selection models as
contrasting and incompatible views on speciation, one being dominant over the other. Instead, an integrative perspective is
needed to achieve a thorough and coherent understanding of adaptive speciation. |
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