Elucidating complex design and management tradeoffs through life cycle design: air intake manifold demonstration project |
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| Institution: | 1. Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan;2. Institute of Clinical Medicine, and Cardiovascular Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan;3. Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan;4. Institute of Public Health and School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan;5. General Clinical Research Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan;6. Department of Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan;7. Department of Family Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan;8. Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan-Fang Hospital, and Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan;9. University of Birmingham Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, City Hospital, Birmingham, UK;1. College of Mechanical and Transportation Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China;2. SINOPEC Research Institute of Petroleum Engineering, Beijing 100101, China;1. Department of Civil Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Bookan Branch, 163, Ostad Hajar Blvd., Bookan, West Azarbaijan, 59518-98895, Iran;2. Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan;1. Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Latvia, Kronvald blvd., 4, Riga LV-1586, Latvia;2. Institute of Silicate Materials, Riga Technical University, Azenes Str., 14/24, Riga LV-1007, Latvia;1. Laboratoire de Tribologie et Dynamique des Systèmes, UMR CNRS 5513, École Centrale de Lyon, 36 avenue Guy de Collongue, 69134 Écully Cedex, France;2. Institut Universitaire de France, 75005 Paris, France |
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| Abstract: | The life cycle design (LCD) framework for enhancing design analysis and decision making is demonstrated through a collaborative effort between the University of Michigan, a cross functional team at Ford, and the US Environmental Protection Agency. The LCD framework was used to evaluate three air intake manifold designs: a sand cast aluminum, brazed aluminum tubular, and nylon composite. Life cycle inventory, life cycle cost and product/process performance analyses highlighted significant tradeoffs among alternative manifolds, with respect to system design requirements. The life cycle inventory indicated that the sand-cast aluminum manifold consumed the most life cycle energy (1798 MJ) compared to the tubular brazed aluminum (1131 MJ) and nylon composite (928 MJ) manifolds. The cast aluminum manifold generated the least life cycle solid waste of 218 kg per manifold, whereas the brazed aluminum tubular and nylon composite manifolds generated comparable quantities of 418 kg and 391 kg, respectively. Material production accounted for 70% of the total life cycle solid waste for the brazed tubular manifold, while auto shredder residue was responsible for half the total waste for the nylon composite design. The life cycle cost analysis estimated Ford manufacturing costs, customer gasoline costs, and end-of-life management costs. The nylon composite manifold had the highest estimated manufacturing costs but the least use phase gasoline costs. Significant end-of-life management revenues from aluminum recycling would accrue to Ford under automobile take back legislation. A total of 20 performance requirements were used to evaluate each design alternative. |
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