PM2.5的健康危害、毒理效应与作用机制的研究

大气颗粒物对人体健康的影响在世界范围内引起关注，尤其是细粒子（PM_2.5，fine particulate matter）因粒径小、成分复杂，对人体健康的影响尤为突出。PM_2.5的毒理效应与作用机制是当前研究的热点，分析其研究现状与存在问题能更好地把握其核心领域并开展更进一步的研究。基于文献检索与分析，系统梳理了PM_2.5危害导致的疾病类型；介绍了PM_2.5毒理研究的主要实验手段；讨论当前认知的PM_2.5毒理效应（包括PM_2.5不同组分、不同来源、不同季节的影响）；汇总PM_2.5毒理作用机制研究方法的原理、特点、检测指标与测定方法，解析目前研究认为的五种主要的PM_2.5毒理作用机制。在分析已有研究成果的基础之上，就PM_2.5毒理实验、方法和研究内容方面存在的不足进行讨论，并提出今后需要重点开展的研究方向，以期为PM_2.5健康危害的准确评估和有效防治提供科学依据。

Update on the toxicological effects and mechanism of PM2.5

Background, aim, and scope The review deals with publications concerning the toxicological effects and mechanism of PM_2.5. The impact of atmospheric particulate matter on human health has attracted worldwide attention. In particular, fine particles (PM_2.5) have a greater impact on human health due to their small particle size and complex composition. As a consequence, identifying the mechanism of action of PM_2.5 has always been a major objective of atmospheric environmental science research. Materials and methods The review describes the types of diseases caused by PM_2.5, the experimental methods used in PM_2.5 toxicology research, and the toxicological effects of PM_2.5 (including the results of in vitro and in vivo experiments on PM_2.5 characterised by different components, sources, and seasons), as well as the consensus mechanism of action of PM_2.5. This review emphasizes that the mechanisms of action of PM_2.5 vary according to component, source, and season. Results Several publications have been identified that PM_2.5 can induce a variety of diseases. The mechanisms of action involve oxidative damage, inflammatory damage, DNA damage and mutations, apoptosis, and autophagy. Discussion Research on the underlying mechanism of PM_2.5 might help to provide a scientific basis for accurately assessing the health hazards and effective prevention of PM_2.5. The components of PM_2.5 and the mechanisms of action of PM_2.5 can vary, as can the target cells. Conclusions Air pollution is one of the main causes of global morbidity and mortality. The discussion of air pollution control and the pathogenesis of PM_2.5 is an extremely important issue. Oxidative stress, inflammatory damage, DNA damage and mutations, apoptosis, and autophagy are the main mechanisms of PM_2.5-induced disease. The results of PM_2.5 with different components, sources, and seasons from in vitro and animal experiments provide a scientific basis for the accurate assessment and effective prevention of PM_2.5 health hazards. Recommendations and perspectives In order to better explore the mechanism of action of PM_2.5, toxicity research methods employing in vitro and in vivo experiments should be developed and improved, and the interactions between different PM_2.5 components should be addressed. Intervention studies on PM_2.5 health hazards and finding effective ways of reducing or preventing the health risks of PM_2.5 are critical.