Occurrence and fate of the human pharmaceutical metabolite ritalinic acid in the aquatic system |
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| Institution: | 1. Laboratorio de Desarrollo Analítico y Quimiometría (LADAQ), Cátedra de Química Analítica I, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas (FBCB), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), C.C. 242, S3000ZAA Santa Fe, Argentina;2. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina;3. Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología (FBCB-UNL), C.C. 242, S3000ZAA Santa Fe, Argentina;1. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil;2. Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioexperimentação, Universidade de Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil;3. Curso de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil;1. Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Cidade Universitária, Camobi, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil;2. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory Rosilene Rodrigues Kaizer, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rio Grande do Sul, Campus Sertão, ERS 135, Km 25, Eng. Englert, RS 99170-000, Brazil;3. Graduate Program in Bioexperimentation Universidade de Passo Fundo, BR 285, São José, Passo Fundo, RS 99052-900, Brazil;1. Protein Structure-Function Research Unit, School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa;1. Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan;2. Botanical Garden, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan;3. Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, PR China;4. Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan |
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| Abstract: | To investigate the occurrence and fate of ritalinic acid – the main human metabolite of the psychostimulant drug methylphenidate – in the aquatic environment, a HPLC–electrospray–MS/MS method for the quantification of ritalinic acid in wastewater, surface water and bank filtrate was developed. Carbamazepine known as very stable in the aquatic environment was analyzed as anthropogenic marker in parallel. Furthermore, the removal of ritalinic acid was studied in a sewage treatment plant using an activated sludge system during a field study and in lab-scale plants. In good agreement between lab-scale and field studies a low removal rate of 13% and 23%, respectively, was determined. As a consequence, the concentration of ritalinic acid in the wastewater effluents were in the range of <50–170 ng L?1 which corresponds to a mean specific load per capita of 17.7 μg d?1.Ritalinic acid has further been detected in German rivers at concentrations of 4–23 ng L?1 and in bank filtrate samples in 100–850 m distance from the river up to 5 ng L?1 demonstrating the widespread occurrence of this stable metabolite in the aquatic environment. A comparison to available sales data shows that a significant amount of methylphenidate applied can be found in waters as ritalinic acid. |
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