Experimental evidence for female-driven monandry in the wolf spider, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pardosa astrigera</Emphasis>

Females of many species mate multiply, yet some taxon females mate with only one male, also known as monandry. Although the underlying mechanism behind female monandry is poorly understood relative to female polyandry, there are two contrasting hypotheses, male control and female control, for the maintenance of monandry. Since females generally benefit from multiple mating for material and/or genetic benefits, cases of monandry may reflect male manipulation on female remating at the expense of female fitness (male control). Alternatively, monandry may be favored by females, if females maximize their fitness by mating once (female control). Here, we tested two hypotheses by manipulating the number of mating (repeated mating and polyandry) on female fitness in a largely monandrous wolf spider, Pardosa astrigera. We allowed females to be inseminated once, twice with the same males (repeated mating) or with two males (polyandry) and determined female fitness consequences. The number of female mating, regardless of a single mating, repeated mating, or polyandry, had no significant effects on female fecundity, fertility, and survival and size of their spiderlings. However, the fitness cost of female multiple mating may to some extent be underestimated under laboratory conditions. In addition, female survival was adversely affected by induced multiple mating. Therefore, our results suggest that monandry of the wolf spider (P. astrigera) may be under the control of females, rather than under the control of males.