基于GIS的关中地区仰韶至商周时期聚落时空分布及驱动力分析

关中地区是中国重要的史前聚落分布地之一，该区域内丰富的聚落文化遗存为研究史前人地关系提供了坚实的基础。本文以整个关中地区作为研究区域，从较大的时空尺度探讨遗址分布与自然环境之间的关系。系统收集了关中地区从仰韶至商周时期的考古遗址数据，利用ArcGIS技术提取了各时期遗址点高程、距河流远近、遗址面积等定量化数据，并且进行了最近邻分析以及核密度分析，从而系统研究了这一时期的聚落分布特征。研究结果表明：龙山时期的聚落遗址较仰韶时期海拔位置更高、距河流更远且分散化程度增加，商周时期关中东部聚落遗址点数量大幅减少，西部和中部遗址点分布更加集中。但不论是仰韶还是龙山时期，聚落遗址总体上都是西多东少，中部最为稀疏分散，至商周时期关中中部遗址才逐渐增多。基于此，本文试图从气候变化、洪水、农业发展以及早期政权发展等角度探究影响仰韶至商周时期的聚落分布变化的可能因素，从而揭示出史前人类聚落变迁对区域自然环境的响应与适应过程，同时超大型聚落中心以及早期国家的形成也影响了遗址分布格局。就本研究而言，气候变化是影响关中地区龙山时期的聚落遗址数量大幅减少、聚落位置分布格局发生变化的主要原因之一，而商周时期聚落遗址的分布变迁似乎更倾向于生产力发展的结果，或是出于政治、军事的目的。关中地区仰韶至商周时期聚落的分布变迁与自然环境变化以及聚落中心、早期政权发展密切相关，体现了人类与自然环境之间的博弈，也揭示出该地区史前社会的复杂化进程。今后的研究中，需要结合详细的现场调查数据，进一步加强区域自然变量的定量化研究和对人类社会系统的认识，从而更准确地把握人与自然的耦合关系。

Spatiotemporal distribution and driving force of settlements from Yangshao to Shang-Zhou periods in Guanzhong area based on GIS

Background, aim, and scope Guanzhong is an important area in China for its rich cultural remains, which provide a detailed foundation for studying the relationship between prehistoric man and the land. This article considers the entire Guanzhong area within its scope and explores the relationship between the distribution of sites and the natural environment based on a large temporal and spatial scale. Materials and methods We systematically collected archaeological data from the Guanzhong area attributable to the Yangshao to the Shang-Zhou periods. Further, ArcGIS was used to extract quantitative data such as site elevation, area, and distance from rivers for each period and site area across periods. Additionally, nearest neighbor and kernel density analyses were conducted to examine the spatial distribution characteristics of settlements during these periods. Results The settlement sites of the Longshan period are higher in elevation, farther from the river, and more dispersed than those during the Yangshao period. During the Shang-Zhou period, the number of settlement sites in the eastern part of Guanzhong decreased significantly, whereas the distribution of sites in the western and central regions became increasingly concentrated. However, regardless of the Yangshao or Longshan period, more settlement sites are situated in the west and fewer in the east, and the most sparsely scattered sites are in the central part. The sites in the central part of Guanzhong gradually increased only during the Shang-Zhou period. Discussion This study aims to explore the possible driving force of the change in the settlement distribution between the Yangshao and Shang-Zhou periods from the perspectives of climate change, extreme flood events, agricultural development, and early political development. The result reveals the response and adaptation of prehistoric human settlements to the regional natural environment. Further, the formation of super large settlement centers and early countries affected the distribution pattern of sites. In this study, climate change was identified as a major reason for the substantial reduction in the number of settlement sites during the Longshan period and the spatial pattern of settlements. Moreover, changes in the distribution of settlement sites during the Shang-Zhou period are seemingly more attributed to the development of productivity or political and military purposes. Conclusions Changes in the distribution of settlements in the Guanzhong area from the Yangshao to the Shang-Zhou periods are closely related to changes in the natural environment, settlement centers, and the development of early regimes. This finding indicates the links between humans and the natural environment and the complex process of prehistoric society in the region. Recommendations and perspectives In the future, we need to further strengthen the quantitative research on regional natural variables and enhance our understanding of the human social system using detailed site survey data. Thus, we can more accurately reveal the coupling relationship between nature and human beings.