Being watched over by a conversation robot may enhance safety in simulated driving |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Management, Kochi University of Technology, 185 Miyanokuchi, Kami City, Kochi Prefecture, Japan;2. Research Organization for Regional Alliance, Kochi University of Technology, 185 Miyanokuchi, Kami City, Kochi Prefecture, Japan;3. Honda Motor Co., Ltd., 1-10-1 Shin Sayama, Sayama City, Saitama Prefecture, Japan;4. Nissho Electronics Corporation, 3-5, Nibancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan;1. School of Civil and Construction Engineering, Oregon State University, 101 Kearney Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA;2. School of Psychological Science, Oregon State University, 229 Reed Lodge, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA;1. Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, 4121 Wilson Boulevard, 6th floor Arlington, VA 22203, United States;2. Westat, Inc., 1600 Research Blvd, Rockville, MD 20850, United States;1. The Center for Injury Research and Policy, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States;2. Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, United States;3. Graduate Center for Gerontology, College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States;4. Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States;5. Division of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States;1. University of Paul Valery, Laboratoire Psy-DREPI (EA 7458), Esplanade Erasme, BP, 27877 - 21078 Dijon, France;2. University of Bourgogne Franche Comté, Laboratoire de Psychologie (EA 3188), 30 rue Mégevand, 25032 Besançon cedex, France;1. Concrete Researcher, Louisiana Department of Transportation & Development, 4101 Gourrier Ave, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA;2. Transportation Systems Engineer, Booz Allen Hamilton, 20 M St SE, Suite 1000, Washington, DC 20003, USA;3. ITS/Traffic Research Program Manager, Louisiana Transportation Research Center, 4101 Gourrier Ave, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA;1. The National Registry of Emergency Medical Technicians, 6610 Busch Boulevard, Columbus, OH 43229, USA;2. The Ohio State University College of Public Health, 1841 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;3. ESO, 11500 Alterra Parkway, Suite 100, Austin, TX 78758, USA;4. Division of EMS, Department of Emergency Medicine, Geisinger Health System, 100 N. Academy Avenue, Danville, PA 17822-2005, USA |
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| Abstract: | IntroductionIn an aging society that is more and more information-oriented, being able to replace human passengers’ protective effects on vehicle drivers with those of social robots is both essential and promising. However, the effects of a social robot’s presence on drivers have not yet been fully explored. Thus, using a driving simulator and a conversation robot, this experimental study had two main goals: (a) to find out whether social robots’ anthropomorphic qualities (i.e., not the practical information the robot provides drivers) have protective effects by promoting attentive driving and alleviating crash risks; and (b) by what psychological processes such effects emerge. Method: Participants were recruited from young (n = 38), the middle-aged (n = 39), and the elderly (n = 49) age groups. They were assigned to either the treatment group (simulated driving in a conversation robot’s presence) or the control group (simulated driving alone), and their driving performance was measured. Mental states (peaceful, concentrating, and reflective) also were assessed in a post-driving questionnaire using our original scales. Results: Although the group of older participants did not experience protective effects (perhaps due to motion sickness), the young participants drove attentively, with the robot enhancing peace of mind. The protective effect was also observed among the middle-aged participants, and the verbal data analysis ascribed this to the robot’s role of expressing sympathy, especially when the middle-aged drivers nearly had not-at-fault crashes, which caused them to be stressed. In conclusion, we discuss the practical implications of the results. |
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| Keywords: | Passenger effects on drivers Social robots Weak AI stance |
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