Predicting pool safety habits and intentions of Australian parents and carers for their young children |
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| Institution: | 1. School of Applied Psychology and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia;2. Health Psychology and Behavioural Medicine Research Group, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia;3. Royal Life Saving Society – Australia, Sydney, Australia;4. School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia;5. Psychological Sciences, University of California, Merced, USA;6. Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland;1. Division of Interventional Radiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada;2. Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada;3. Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada;1. ICMR-National Institute of Medical Statistics, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India;2. Faculty of Life and Allied Health Sciences, Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bangalore - 560054, Karnataka, India;3. Department of Public Health, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi 682041, Kerala, India;4. Center for Public Health Research, MANT, Kolkata-700078, West Bengal, India;5. College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia;6. Royal Life Saving Society – Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia;7. School of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia |
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| Abstract: | Introduction: Children under five years are most at risk of experiencing fatal and nonfatal drowning. The highest proportion of drowning incidents occur in private swimming pools. Lapses in adult supervision and failures in pool barriers are leading contributory factors for pool drowning in this age group. Methods: We investigated the role of the theory of planned behavior social cognitions (attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control) as well as perceived barriers, planning, role construction, and anticipated regret on parents’ and carers’ intentions and habits toward two pool safety behaviors: restricting access and supervising children around private swimming pools. The study adopted a cross-sectional correlational design. Participants (N = 509) comprised Australian parents or caregivers with children aged under five years and access to a swimming pool at their residence. Participants completed a battery of self-report measures of social cognitive variables with respect to the swimming pool safety behaviors for their children. Results: Path analytic models controlling for past behavior indicated that subjective norm, planning, anticipated regret, and role construction were important predictors of habit, and subjective norm was a consistent predictor of intentions, for both behaviors. Planning predicted intentions in the restricting access sample, while attitudes, barriers, and role construction also predicted intentions in the supervising sample. Both models controlled for past behavior. Conclusion: Current findings indicate the importance of psychological factors for restricting access and supervising behaviors, with normative factors prominent for both reasoned (intentions) and non-conscious (habits) behavioral antecedents. It seems factors guiding restricting access, which likely require regular enactment of routine behaviors (e.g., ensuring gate is not propped open, pool fence meets standards), may be governed by more habitual than intentional processes. |
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| Keywords: | Drowning prevention Child injury Habit Intention Theory of planned behavior |
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