人为活动干扰对纳帕海湿地环境影响的研究

纳帕海是金沙江流域云南西北高原低纬度高海拔的季节性沼泽湿地，有着若尔盖高原湿地和我国北方湿地所不具备的特点，为我国湿地的独特类型。由于其发育于生态脆弱的横断山石灰岩地区，地处长江上游，承接和调节着高原山区的冰雪融水、地表径流和河流水量，控制着土壤侵蚀，对长江下游水位和水量均衡有着重要作用，但长期以来不合理开发利用，使该区生态环境退化问题十分严重。探讨了人为活动干扰对纳帕海湿地环境的影响，结果表明：排水垦殖造田、过牧超载等人类活动的强烈干预对纳帕海湿地发生发展产生显著影响， 40年间湖面积减少了9/10，高原特有水生植物消失或减少，草场资源与牲畜放牧关系严重失调，超载率132.5%，土壤养分衰减下降，湿地严重退化。

HUMAN DISTURBANCES ON THE ECOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT DEGRADATION OF NAPAHAI WETLAND IN THE UPSTREAM OF YANGTZE RIVER

Napahai, located in Jinshajiang Watersheds of northwestern Yunnan Plateau with low latitudes and high elevation, is a unique and seasonal marsh wetland. Developed from limestone in Hengduan Mountain of the upstream of Yangtze River, Napahai bears dissolved snow and controls water level of the down streams. The over years explorations on and cultivation on its marsh soils caused significant ecological and environmental deteriorations. Those deteriorations include wetland shrinking, type of marsh alternation, aridity and sandification, retrogressive ecological succession, mesophytes and xerophytes instead of helophytes, biodiversity decline, soil subsidence, water quality decline and soil enzymes activities changes. (Among) the analyzed causes of natural water drainage leaching from limestone and human interferences such as over pasture, wetland reclamation and cultivation, the human interferences are the main factor causing the degradation of the ecological environment of Napahai Wetland.